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What were the ideals expressed in the Objectives Resolution?
The Objectives Resolution was presented in the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946 by Jawaharlal Nehru. It outlined and defined the ideals and objectives of the constitution which are as follows:
(i) India was declared as Independent Sovereign Republic.
(ii) It assured justice, equality, liberty and fraternity to all its citizens.
(iii) It provided adequate safeguards to minorities. It also referred to the well-being of the backward and depressed classes.
(iv) India would combine the liberal ideas of democracy with the socialist idea of economic justice.
(v) India would adopt that form of government which would be acceptable to its people. No imposition from the British would be accepted by the Indian people.
(vi) India would be a federation.
(vii) India would work for world peace and human welfare.
How was the term minority defined by different groups?
Minority means that a particular community or a group of people is less as compared to the proportion of the total population. However during the preparation of the Indian Constitution, all the members of the Constituent Assembly defined it in their own way.
(i) B. Pocker Bahadur from Madras stated that minorities existed in almost all the countries of the world. So he wanted a political framework in the country which might enable the minorities to live in harmony with others.
(ii) N.G. Ranga stated that the real minorities were the common people of the country. He believed that the common people of the country were so depressed, oppressed and suppressed that they never enjoyed any civil rights. He particularly referred to the tribal people who were considered by the merchants as their bond slaves. Jaipal Singh also supported the views of N.G. Ranga.
(iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar considered the people belonging to the depressed castes as minority. However Nagappa pointed out that numerically depressed castes were not a minority as they were 20 to 25% of the total population.
What were the arguments in favour of greater power to the provinces?
In the Constituent Assembly, the rights of the states were mostly defended by K. Santhanam, a member from Madras. He emphasised the need to strengthen the states.
(i) K. Santhanam was opposed to the centre being vested with more powers. He felt that an over-burdened centre would not be able to fulfil its responsibilities in an effective manner. The centre would become really strong if all the states are made stronger. He advocated that centre should be given less powers and states should be given more powers.
(ii) K. Santhanam was not happy with the proposed allocation of powers between the centre and the states. He felt that such a distribution of power would cripple the states.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi think Hindustani should be the national language?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi felt that Hindustani was a language that the common people could easily understand
(b) Hindustani which was a blend of Hindi and Urdu was popular among a large section of the people. Moveover it was a composite language enriched by the interaction of diverse cultures.
(c) Over the years words and terms from many different sources had been incorporated into this language making it easily understood by people from various regions.
(d) According to Mahatma Gandhi Hindustani would be the ideal language of communication between dieverse communities. It would help to unify Hindus and Muslims and the people from the north and south.
(e) From the end of the 19th century onwards language become associated with the politics of religious identities. Hindustani also began to change but Mahatma Gandhi retained his faith in the composite character of Hindustani.
What historical forces shaped the vision of the Constitution?
(a) Certain basic values were accepted by all national leaders as a result of the Nehru Report and the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed by the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress.
(b) These included Universal Adult Franchise, Right to freedom and equality and protection of minority rights.
(c) As a result of the 1937 elections, the Congress and other political parties were able to form governments in the provinces. This experience with legislative and political institutions helped in developing an agreement over institutional design.
(d) The Indian Constitution thus adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act of 1935.
(e) The founding fathers were also inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, the working of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the USA. The 1917 Russian Revolution inspired our leaders to establish a government based on social and economic equality.
(f) While addressing the meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946, Jawaharalal Nehru spoke about the ideals of the new Indian Constitution. He discussed everything in a broad historical perspective. He referred to the historic efforts made in the past to achieve the goals of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity and fundamental rights.
Discuss the different arguments made in favour of protection of the oppressed groups.
(a) It was felt that the oppressed groups like the tribals and untouchables needed special safeguards to enable them to come up to the level of the general population.
(b) The tribals for instance needed to be integrated into the national mainstream as perceiving them to be backward, society has spurned them.
(c) Moreover their land had been snatched away and they had been deprived of their forests and pastures.
(d) Society had used the services and labour of the untouchables but kept them isolated socially.
(e) Their sufferings were due to their systematic marginalisation. They had no access to education and no share in the administration. Therefore constitutional legislation was needed to improve their position.
What connection did some of the members of the Constituent Assembly make between the political situation of the time and the need for a strong Centre?
(i) India attained its freedom on 15 August, 1947. But it was also divided on this day into two parts viz India and Pakistan. It was marred by communal frenzy and communal riots.
So like Jawahar Lal Nehru, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar too propounded a strong Central Government for India. He referred to the riots and violence that was ripping the nation apart.
(ii) Most of the members of the Constituent Assembly felt that a strong centre was the need of the hour. If it was not done, it would be infurious to national interests. A weak central authority would not be able to ensure peace, prospertiy and political stability. It would fail to coordinate vital matters of common concern. That is why, Gopalaswami Ayyangar appealed to all the members of the Constituent Assembly that “the Centre should be made as strong as possible.”.
(iii) Similarly Balakrishna Sharma stated that only a strong and united centre could plan for the well-being of the country, mobilise all the available resource, ensures strong defence against any aggressor and establish a proper administration.
(iv) Almost all the members realised that a strong central government was necessary to forestall chaos, stop communal riots and to usher economic development of the country.
How did the Constituent Assembly seek to resolve the language controversy?
India is a vast country having different regions where different languages are spoken. So it was quite natural that the Constituent Assembly discussed the intricate issue of language for the newly-independent country. The discussion about the language problem generated intense arguments.
Hindustani : A choice of Congress and Gandhi. Before the independence of the country, the Congress had made up its mind to adopt Hindustani as the national language of the country. Mahatma Gandhi had also approved this decision. He was convinced that everyone should speak in a language which is understood by most of the common people. Hindustani was not a new language. It was a blend of Hindi and Urdu. It was a popular language as it was spoken by most of the people of the country. It was a composite language because it was enriched by the interaction of diverse cultures. That is why, Mahatma Gandhi preferred it to be the national language of India.
Arguments in Support of Hindi : The case for Hindi was mostly pleaded by R.V. Dhulekar, a Congressman from the United Province. He wanted that Hindi should be used as the language of constitution-making. When he was told that all the members of the Constituent Assembly did not know Hindi, he felt infuriated and stated that those who did not know Hindustani were not worthy to be the members of the Constituent Assembly. He told such members to quit the Assembly. There was a commotion in the Assembly over his remarks. However the peace and order were restored due to the intervention of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Report of the Language Committee : The Language Committee of the Constituent Assembly suggested a compromise formula in its report. In order to resolve the deadlock over the issue of language, it advocated that Hindi in Devanagri script should be the official language of the country. It also suggested that transition from English to Hindi would be gradual. It stated that during the first fifteen years since the enforcement of the new constitution, English would continue to be used for all official purposes. In other words, the Language Committee referred to Hindi as the official language and not the national language of India.
Apprehensions of Members from the South. The members in the Constituent Assembly who hailed from the southern states considered Hindi as a threat to their provincial languages. Many suspicions were expressed by Mrs. G. Durgabai of Madras and Sh. Shankar Rao from Bombay. T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar from Madras suggested that the issue of language should be handled with tact and caution. Hindi should not be aggressively thrust upon the southern people. In other words, the members from South India wanted that Hindi should not be forcefully imposed on them.
When was the Indian Constitution framed? When was it enforced?
The Indian Constitution was framed from December 1946 to November 1949. It was enforced on 26 January, 1950.
Discuss the significance of the Indian Constitution. Give any two points.
(i) It wanted to heal the wounds of the past.
(ii) It enables people belonging to different classes, castes and communities to share a new political experience by coming together to each other.
(iii) It strengthened democratic institutions in the country.
What were the demands of low caste people and linguistic minorities at the time of making the Indian Constitution?
(i) The low-caste people demanded an end to ill-treatment by upper-caste people.
(ii) They also demanded reservation of separate seats, on the basis of their population, in legislatures, government departments and local bodies.
(iii) The linguistic minorities demanded freedom of speech in their respective mothertongue. They also demanded redistribution of provinces on linguistic basis.
Name any six leaders who played a very important role in the Constituent Assembly.
(i) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
(ii) Sardar Patel
(iii) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(iv) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(v) K.M. Munshi
(vi) Alladi Krishnaswami Aiyar.
What was the fear or concern of many leaders regarding the grant of community rights?
Though community rights were considered important yet many leaders feared that they might divide the loyalty of the citizens. They will be a hurdle in national unity. They will make a state weak.
What did the Constituent Assembly recommend to resolve the problems of the untouchables?
The Constituent Assembly recommended the following:
(i) Untouchability should be abolished.
(ii) The Hindu temples should be opened for all castes.
(iii) There should be reservation of seats for the lowest castes in legislatures and jobs in government offices.
What provisions were made in the Constitution to make the Centre more strong? Give any three arguments.
(i) More subjects were included in the union list.
(ii) The Union Government has control over many minerals and important industries.
(iii) Article 365 empowers the centre to take over the state administration on the recommendation of the Governor.
Give any two arguments which underlined the need for a strong centre and less powers to provinces.
(i) A strong centre can stop the communal frenzy. It can curtail riots and violence.
(ii) A strong centre can plan for the wellbeing of the country. It can mobilise the available economic resources. It can establish a proper administration. It can defend the country if ever a foreign aggressor attacks.
How did language become associated with the politics of religious identities?
With the emergence of communal riots and conflicts, Hindi and Urdu started going apart. Hindi was the language of the Hindus and Urdu was the language of the Muslims. Hindi was being purged of Persian and Arabic words. On the other hand, Urdu was being Persianised. Thus language became associated with the politics of religious identities.
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Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly? Who was the Chairman of its Drafting Committee?
(i) Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly.
(ii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly.
Who presented the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly and when did he do so? Why was it a historic resolution?
The Objectives Resolution was presented in the Constituent Assembly by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 December, 1946.
It was a historic resolution as it declared to make India an independent, sovereign, republic. It aimed at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. It clarified the ideals of the Constitution of Independent India. It assured all the citizens of India to grant them justice, equality and liberty.
What did the Language Committee of the Constituent Assembly suggest regarding the issue of Hindi as national language?
The Language Committee of the Constituent Assembly had suggested the following:
(i) Hindi in the Devanagri script would be the official language in India.
(ii) The transition to Hindi would be gradual. For the first fifteen years, English would remain in use for all official purposes.
(iii) Each province will be allowed to opt for one regional language for official work in the province.
What argument was given against Hindi being made a national language?
The people in South India were strongly opposed to Hindi. They view every propaganda for Hindi as cutting the very root of the provincial languages.
Which two features of the Indian Constitution had substantial agreement?
(i) Granting the right to vote to every adult citizen of India. It was called the universal adult franchise.
(ii) Emphasis on secularism. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.
What was the status given to the Princely States by Indian Independence Act, 1947?
The Indian Independence Act, 1947, (which had given Independence to India), gave all Indian Princely States (their number was nearly 562) independence with the freedom to join India or Pakistan or to declare themselves complete independent as a sovereign state.
Did the Princely States participated in the making of Indian Constituent Assembly?
Yes, the Princely States also participated in the making of Indian Constituent Assembly.
What was the number of states at the time of India’s independence? In which categories were they initially classified?
The number of the states at the time of India’s independence was 27. These states had been divided into three major types of states –
Part A States – (9) Part B States–(8) and
Part C States – (10)
Later on another category was also added – Part B States (which included Andaman and Nicobar Islands).
What was the immediate task before Indian government after independence?
Unification of India was the immediate task before Indian Government after independence.
What was the Instrument of Accession?
Many rulers of the Princely States were dreaming of establishing independent of their own. However, as a result of the movement of the people the states and the able stewardship of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, they acceded to India by signing an Instrument of Accession.
Name the Indian territories which were under the control of France even after the independence.
Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanem, Mahe and Chandernagore were under the control of France.
Name the two civil servants who played a vital role in the Constituent Assembly.
(i) B.N. Rao was the constitutional advisor to the Indian Government who prepared a series of background papers based on a close study of the political systems obtained on other countries.
(ii) The other civil servant was the Chief Draughtsman S.N. Mukherjee.
What measures were taken by the Constituent Assembly for the empowerment of the Depressed castes?
(i) Untouchability was abolished and Hindus temples were thrown open to all castes.
(ii) Seats were reserved for them in the legislatures and jobs in the government services.
Explain how the Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of the people of India and their opinions.
(a) The Constituent Assembly had 300 members in all. These members held a wide range of views. Some were atheists and secular.
(b) Some were socialists in their economic philosophy while other defended the right of landlords.
(c) Independent members of different castes and religious groups were also members of the Constituent Assembly as were women e.g., Sarojini Naidu etc. and Maulana Azad, Frank Anthony etc.
(d) Law experts also deliberated on matters involving as substantial question of law. The intense debates that took place within the Constituent Assembly reflected the diversity of opinions.
(e) Thus the Constituent Assembly consisted of people of all regions and communities making it a miniature India.
Explain why many leaders demanded a strong Centre during the debates in Constituent Assembly? How were powers to legislate finally divided?
(a) Before partition the Congress had agreed to grant considerable autonomy to the provinces. This had been done to assure the Muslim League that in the provinces where the Muslim League had come to power the centre would not interfere.
(b) But after partition, the constituent members felt that the earlier political pressures for a decentralised structure was no longer there.
(c) Moreover faced with the communal frenzy at the time, the need was felt by many members to have a strong centre to curb the riots and violence.
(d) Balakrishna Sharma from the United Provinces felt that only a Strong centre could plan for the welfare of the country, mobilise the economic resources needed, have an effective administration and defend the country against foreign aggression.
(e) A unitary system was already in place due to the British government and the violence that accompanied partition gave a further push to centralisation.
Powers to legislate were divided between the centre and state on the basis of three lists. These were the Union, Concurrent and State List. The Union List contained 97 subjects of national importance and only the central government could legislate on subjects of this list. The state government passed laws on the subjects of the Sate List (66 subjects). Both the centre and state could pass laws on subjects of the Concurrent List (47 subjects).
How were the discussions within the Constituent Assembly influenced by the opinions expressed by the people? Explain.
(a) The intense debates that took place within the Constituent assembly were reported in the newspapers and the proposals were publicly debated. Criticisms and counter criticisms in the press in turn shaped the nature of the consensus that was ultimately reached on specific issues.
(b) In order to create a sense of collective participation the public were asked for submissions. There were hundreds of responses, which give an idea about the conflicting interests that had to be reconciled.
(c) The All India Varnashrama Swarajya Sangh wanted the Constitution to be based on principles laid down in ancient Hindu books. The lower castes wanted reservations in legislatures and government bodies.
(e) Religious minorities asked for special safeguards. Various bodies like the Central Jewish Board of Bombay wanted adequate representation on all public bodies including the legislatures.
Explain the ideals introduced by Jawahar Lal Nehru in the ‘Objectives Resolution’ that were to be kept in mind while framing the Constitution of India.
(a) The Objectives Resolution proclaimed India to be an independent sovereign Republic. Ultimate power was to be vested in Indian people.
(b) Republic : The head of state or President was to be elected through an electoral college and his post was not hereditary.
(c) Citizens were to be guaranteed justice, equality and liberty.
(d) Justice : Citizens would not be discriminated against on grounds of religion, caste or sex.
Equality : All were equal before the law and have equal opportunities to progress.
Liberty : Citizens have freedom of speech, expression and action. No unreasonable restrictions were to be placed on them in this respect.
(e) Adequate provision was to be provided for the welfare of the minorities, depressed classes and the tribals.
Describe the political framework of future India as suggested by the Cabinet Mission in 1946.
The Cabinet Mission recommended that:
(a) India should be a union or federation of British provinces and Indian states having control over foreign affairs, defence and communication. All subjects other than central subjects would be vested in the provinces.
(b) The British provinces would be divided into three groups. Group A consisting of Provinces having a Hindu majority, Group B with Muslim majority and Group C with mixed population.
(c) Each group could draft its own constitution. A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the Constitution of free India. Till the Constitution was framed and a new government formed, an interim government would carry out the administration.
(d) The Cabinet Mission sought to make a compromise between the conflicting claims of the Congress and Muslim League and maintain the unity of India, but the Muslim League criticised the plan because it rejected the idea of Pakistan.
How were the discussions within the Constituent Assembly influenced by the opinions expressed by the people? Explain.
The discussions within the Constituent Assembly were also influenced by the public opinions. The arguments of different sections were published in newspapers and there was a public debate on all the proposals. In this way criticism and counter criticisms in the process had a great impact on the consensus that was ultimately reached on specific issues. Public was also asked for submissions to create a sense of collective participations. Hundreds of responses came. Religious minorities asked for special safeguards as well.
How was the centre made more powerful and strong by the Constituent Assembly?
ost of the members of the Constituent Assembly were in favour of strong central government for India. Even Pt. Jwaharlal Nehru wanted a strong centre as he felt, writing a letter to the President of the Constituent Assembly, that, “it would be injurious to the interests of the country to provide for a weak central authority.” He was, in fact, convinced that only a strong central government could ensure peaces and stability.
The following points make it clear that several attempts were made to make the centre more strong and powerful:
(i) The Union List contained more subjects than the state list.
(ii) Regarding the concurrent list, the centre and the state shared responsibility. But in case of any disputes centre’s decision is recommended.
(iii) The centre enjoyed control over many important mineral and key industries.
What do the following terms means : We, the people of India, Republic, Justice, Equality and Liberty.
(a) We the people of India : The ultimate power in a democracy are thè people as the constitution has been drawn up and enacted by them through their representatives. It was no handed to them by a king or any outside power.
(b) Republic : The head of state i.e., President is elected through an electoral college and his post is not hereditary.
(c) Justice : Citizens cannot be discriminated against on ground of caste, religion or sex.
(d) Equality : All were equal before the law and have equal opportunities to progress.
(e) Liberty : Citizens have freedom of speech, expression and action. No unreasonable restrictions are placed on them in this respect.
Why do you think the importance of a constitution is more in a democratic country?
The constitution is more important in a democratic country in many ways:
1. It specifies how the government would be composed and how it functions.
2. It states the rights of the citizens and how they would be exercised.
3. It also states the norms as to how the government would conduct itself.
4. It prescribes the relation between different organs of government and delimits the scope of their activities.
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Why is the Indian Constitution acceptable to the Indian people even today?
(a) The Indian Constitution is acceptable to all because it was based on a broad consensus and did not reflect the views of the drafting committed members alone.
(b) Even though there was no Universal Adult Franchise at that time the Constituent Assembly consisted of people of all regions and communities making it a miniature India.
(c) Eminent people like Maulana Azad and women like Sarojini Naidu played an important part in the Constituent Assembly as did people of all castes and creeds.
(d) Furthermore, the Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic and open and consensual manner the basic principles were agreed upon, then a draft constitution was prepared for discussion.
(e) The draft constitution was discussed thoroughly clause by clause for nearly 3 years before being finalised.
What is the significance or importance of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is significant in the following ways:
1. It indicates the sources from which the Constitution springs i.e., we the people of India.
2. It states the nature of the Indian State which is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic.
3. It states the basic objectives which the government must strive for.
4. The Preamble is also helpful in the interpretation of the Constitution.
Write any four main features of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Main features of the Preamble of the Constitution:The main features of India’s Constitution are as follows:
1. Preamble is the key to Constitution because it contains the essence of Constitution.
2. Preamble presents all the aims and objectives of the Constitution in short. It will not be wrong to call the preamble is the mirror of the Constitution.
3. The short summary of all the aspects relating to working of government’s structure, judiciary and executive committees are given.
4. Preamble provides the knowledge of main fundamentals of the Constitution. In fact Preamble is the foundation of the Constitution. In the words of Ex-Chief Justice K. Subbarav, “The essence of whole Constitution is given in the Preamble.”
Give any three main features of our Constitution.
Three main features of the Indian Constitution are as under:
1. It establishes Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic in India.
2. It provides Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties to the citizens of
India.
3. The Constitution has adopted the Parliamentary system of Government at
the Centre and the states as well.
Describe the contribution of ‘six’ dominant people in the making of the Indian Constitution.
(a) The Constituent Assembly had 300 members in all. Out of these six members played important role. There were representatives of the Congress namely Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad. Besides this trio, were the three lawyers : B.R. Ambedkar, K.M. Munshi and A.K. Aiyar. These six members were given vital assistance by two civil servants – B.N. Rao and S.N. Mukherjee.
(b) Nehru presented the “Objectives Resolution” and proposed that the National Flag should be a horizontal tricolour of saffron, white and dark green in equal proportion with a wheel in navy blue at the centre.
(c) Patel mostly worked behind the scenes and played a key role in drafting of several reports and worked to reconcile opposing points of view.
(d) Rajendra Prasad’s role as President of the assembly was to steer the discussion along constructive lines while making sure all members had a chance to speak.
(e) B.R. Ambedkar was a lawyer and an economist. He served as Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution. Helping him were two other lawyers, K.M. Munshi and A.K. Aiyer, both of whom gave crucial inputs in the drafting of the Constitution.
The problem of separate electorates was an intricate problem that confronted the Constituent Assembly. Discuss the debate help in the Assembly over this issue.
Arguments in favour of Separate Electorates
(i) It is a political framework in which minorities can live in harmony with people who are in majority.
(ii) It is an arrangement which can minimise differences between different communities.
(iii) It can provide good representaion to the minorities in the political system of the country.
(iv) It enables other to hear voice of the minority and take into account its views and opinions.
(v) Only the minority people can choose their true representative.
Arguments against Separate Electorates
(i) It was a measure deliberately introduced by the foreign rulers to divide the people.
(ii) It can lead to riots, violence and civil war.
(iii) It is a poison in any political system.
(iv) It divides the nation and causes bloodshed as one community turns against the other.
(v) It is a mischief left behind by the British.
(vi) It is harmful not only to the nation but also to the minorities. It is rather suicidal to the minorities.
(vii) It is self-destructive as it isolates the minorities from the majority.
(viii) It divides loyalty of the citizens towards their nation.
The years immediately preceding the making of the constitution had been exceptionally tumultous. Give examples in support of this statement.
Before the independence of India on
15 August, 1947, the political and social conditions in the country were tumultous. No doubt the people had a great hope, hope for free, peaceful and prosperous India. But they also felt depressed and disappointed due to many incidents such as communal riots that followed our independence and in which more than two lakh people were killed.
(i) Indian independence accompanied partition of the country. The country was divided into two parts namely India and Pakistan.
(ii) The people still remembered the Quit India Movement of 1942. It was perhaps the most widespread popular movement against the alien rule.
(iii) The people were still reminiscent of Azad Hind Fauz constituted by Subash Chandra Bose with foreign aid, the purpose of which, of course, was to win freedom.
(iv) During the late 1940s, there were mass protests of workers and peasants in different parts of the country.
(v) There was lack of social harmony as the Congress and the Muslim League repeatedly failed to arrive at any reconciliation.
(vi) There were persistent riots in northern and eastern India. There were many killings in Calcutta in August, 1946.
What do you understand by the three categories of constitutional amendment?
The framers of the Indian Constitution wanted to give to the country a constitution that could adjust itself in the changing needs of time. The procedure of amendment of our Constitution is given in Article 368. For the purpose of amendment Indian Constitution has been divided into three following parts:
1. By Simple Majority : In the many Paras of the Constitution there is system of amending it by simple majority of both the Houses. Constitution is amended by getting the acceptance of President. These include amendments regarding regions of states; change in border and name, formation for application of Upper House in the state, system of state citizenship provisions regarding tribal states.
2. By Special Majority : Under this those articles of Constitution are amended which are concerned with Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights etc. This type of amendment is done by total majority of the two Houses and by 2/3rd majority of present and those participating in voting.
3. By special majority and approval of State Legislatures : On some of the very important issues the amendment is to be passed or approved by atleast half of the state legislative assemblies along with the approval from total majority of present and those participating in voting. Some of these include election of the President, issues regarding Supreme Court, High Court, Central Government etc.
Examine the views of N.G. Ranga and Jaipal Singh on Objectives Resolution on the need to protect the tribes and question of minorities.
The views of N. G. Ranga and Jaipal Singh on Objectives Resolution on the need to protect the tribes and question of minorities:
(i) While welcoming the Objectives Resolution, N. G. Ranga, a socialist who had been a leader of the peasant movement,urged that the term minorities be interpreted in economic terms.
(ii) The real minorities for Ranga were the poor and the downtrodden. He welcomed the legal rights the Constitution was granting to each individual but pointed to its limits.
(iii) For this they need protection. “They need props. They need a ladder” said Ranga. Ranga also drew attention to the gulf that separated the broad masses of Indians and those claiming to speak on their behalf in the Constituent Assembly.
(iv) One of the groups mentioned by Ranga, the tribals had among its representatives to the Assembly the gifted orator Jaipal Singh. In welcoming the Objectives Resolution, Singh said “As an Adibasi, I am not expected to understand the legal intricacies of the Resolution. But my common sense tells me that every one of us should march in that road to freedom and fight together.”
(v) Singh spoke eloquently on the need to protect the tribes and ensure conditions that could help them come up to the level of the general population.
(vi) Jaipal Singh was not asking for separate electorates, but he felt that reservation of seats in the legislature was essential to allow tribals to represent themselves. It would be a way, he said, of compelling others to hear the voice of tribals, and come near them.
Read the following excerpts and answer the Questions that follow:
That is very good, sir-hold words, noble words”
Somnath Lahiri said:
Well, sir, I must congratulate Pandit Nehru for the fine experessioon he gave to the spirit of the Indian peopel when he said that no imposition from the British will be accepted by the Indian people. Imposition would be resented and objected to, he said, and he added that if need be we will walk the valley of struggle. That is very good, sir-bold words, noble words.
But the points is to see when and how are you going to apply that challenge. Well, sir, the point is that the imposition is here right now. Not only has the British Plan made any future
Constitution.....dependent on a treaty satisfactory to the Britishers but it suggests that for every little difference you willhave to run to the Federal Court or dance attendance there in England ; or to call on the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee or someone else. Not only is it a fact that this Constituent Assembly, whatever pains we may be hatching, we are under the shadow of British guns, British Army, their economic and financial stranglehold-which means that the final power is still in the British hands and the question of power has not yet been finally decided, which means the future is not yet completely in our hands. Not only that, but the statements made the by Attle and othes recently have made it clear that if need be, they will even threaten you with division entirely. This means, Sir, there no freedom in this country. As Sardar Vallbh Bhai Patel put it some days ago, we have freedom only to fight among ourselves. That is only freedom we have not.... Therefore, our humble suggestion is that it is not a question of getting something by working out this Plan but to declare independence here and now and call upon the Interim Government, call upon the people of India, to stop fratricidal warfare and look out against its enemy, which sill has the whip hand, the British Imperialism– and go together to fight it and then resolve our claims afterwards when we will be free.(i) Why did Somnath Lahir congratulate Pandit Nehru? Explain.
(ii) Explain the intentions of the British is not framing the Constitution before hand. What did they want?
(iii) Explain the views of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel on the issue.(i) Somnath Lahir congratulaes Pandit Nehru for his very good or bold words, noble words.
Mr. Lahiri pointed out that Pandit Nehru had boldy expressed that he would not give up to the spirit of the Indian and the British will (or desire) would not be accepted. Imposition would be resented and objected by the members of the Constituent Assembly.
(ii) The British had made plan for future Constitution of India. They desired dependen on a treaty satisfaction to the Britishers. The British wanted to impose their will on the India.
The British suggested that for their differences’, solution and Indians should run to the Federal Court or dance attendence there in England or the Indian government would call the British Prime Minister or someone else to solve the India’s problems. The British desired to have final powers in their own hands.
(iii) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel wanted to make it clear to everyone that the Indians have got freedom a few days ago. We have not got freedom only to fight among ourselves but to solve all sorts of problems ourselves. We would declare our complete independence here (in Assembly Hall) and now (at the time of framing the Constitution). Sarda Patel called the Interim Government to call up the Indians to stop fratcicidal warface and look out against its enemy i.e., the British imperialism.
Read the following excerpts and answer the Questions that follow:
Ambedkar on separate electorates
In response to Mahatma Gandhi’s opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote:
Here is a class which is undoubtedly not in a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence. The religion, to which they are tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the high-caste Hindus for earning its daily bread with no independent way of living open to it. Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is a definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.
In these circumstances,it would be granted by all fair-minded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity.
(i) Examine the arguments given in favour of separate electorates for depressed classes, by Dr. Ambedkar and give your reactions.
(ii) Describe the position of economically depressed classes.
(iii) Suggest some other ways to provide an honourable position to depressed classes.
(i) Dr. Ambedkar felt that separate electorates were essential to protect the depressed classes from the tyranny of the upper castes and give them the much needed social status.
(ii) Society used the labour and services of the depressed classes but kept them at a social distance. They were not allowed entry into temples. Intermixing and inter-dining with other castes was not allowed. They had no access to education.
(iii) Education should be made free for them so that they can compete equally with other castes. They should be given access to public places.
Read the following excerpts and answer the Questions that follow:
“There cannot be any divided loyalty”
Govind Ballabh Pant argued that in order to become loyal citizens people had to stop focusing only on the community and the self:
For the success of democracy one must train himself in the art of self-discipline. In democracies one should care less for himself and more for others. There cannot be any divided loyalty. All loyalties must exclusively be centred round the State. If in a democracy, you create rival loyalties, or you create a system in which any individual or group, instead of suppressing his extravagance, cares nought for larger or other interests then democracy is doomed.
(i) How does G.B. Pant define the attributes of a loyal citizen? Explain.
(ii) Under what circumstances is democracy doomed? Explain.
(iii) Do you think that with divided loyalty one can serve the country faithfully? Explain your views.
(i) According to G.B. Pant, a loyal citizen should be self disciplined. He should think not only of his own interests of that of his community. He should rise above petty self-interest to be loyal only to the state.
(ii) Democracy is doomed when there are rival loyalties and when an individual of group cares only for itself and not for interest of all.
(iii) One cannot serve the country faithfully with divided loyalties because one’s loyalty will be to one’s caste, community or religion and not to the nation. But in a democracy, it is essential that people think of themselves as being foremost citizens of the country, for it is the citizens that are the bedrock of a nation. Divided loyalties make it difficult to forge a strong nation and a strong state.
Read the following excerpts and answer the Questions that follow:
“The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind” Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said:
It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough. We have heard it for years, and as a result of this agitation we are now a separate nation... Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates ? If so, I shall be prepared to accept it. But in this unfortunate country if this separate electorates is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, who be tide the country; it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it is for your own good that I say it, forget the past. One day, we may be united.. The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind. We do not want to perpetuate that mischief. (Hear, hear) When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they will have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not?
(i) Why are we now a separate nation? Explain briefly.
(ii) Explain the remarks made by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel after the division of the country.
(iii) Why did the demand for separate electorates provoke anger and dismay amongst most nationalists? Explain.
(i) India became an independent nation on 15th August 1947. The foreign rulers i.e. the British element had gone. Now India is a separate and sovereign country. The people of India are its master. They would decide their internal as well as external policies and programmes.
(ii) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was a great patriot and nationalist. He refused the demand for separate electorates and provoked his anger and dismay like other crores of nationalists. He declared that it was no use saying that the Indians ask for separate electorates because it was harmful for all Indians—majority as well as for the minority.
Sardar Patel put a challenge in the Constituent Assembly to point out the name of anyone country in the world who was free like India and where there was separate electorates. Patel was not ready to accept separate electorates.
(iii) The demand for separate electorates provoked anger and dismay amongst most nationalists because they used to consider it a great danger for unity, integrity and freedom of India. They knew it very well that the seeds of separate electorates were sown by the British element. Now they had gone. We should reject their mischief and wrong policy of “divide and rule”. All of us should work for unity and harmony of the people and country.
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :
‘‘British element is gone but they have left the mischief behind’’
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said :
It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough. We have heard it for years, and as a result of this agitation we are now a separate nation ... Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates ? If so, I shall be prepared to accept it. But in this unfortunate country if this separate electorate is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, woe betide the country; it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it is for your own good that I say it, forget the past. One day, we may be united ... The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind. We do not want to perpetuate that mischief. (Hear, hear). When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they will have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not ? CAD, VOL.V
(17.1)Why are separate electorates considered as a mischief ?
(17.2)State the arguments given by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel for building political unity and forging a nation.
(17.3)How did the philosophy of separate electorates result in a separate nation ?
(17.1)Separate electorate was considered as a mischief as:
(i)It was a poison that had entered the body politics of our country.
(ii)It was a measure deliberately introduced by the British to divide the people.
(17.2)The arguments for building political unity and forging a nation were:
(I)In order to build political unity and forge a nation every individual must be moulded as a citizen
(ii)Each group had to be assimilated within the nation.
(iii)Communities could be recognised as cultural entities and assured cultural rights.
(17.3) It turned one community against another, divided the nation, caused bloodshed and led to the tragic partition of the country.
A News Paper Reports
The following report, titled 'The ryot and the moneylender', appeared in the Native Opinion (6 June, 1876), and was quoted in Report of the Native Newspapers of Bombay:
They (the ryots) first place spies on the boundaries of their villages to see if any Government officers come, and to give timely’ intimation of their arrival to the offenders. They then assemble in a body and go to the houses of their creditors, and demand from them a surrender of their bonds and other documents, and threaten them in case of refusal with assault and plunder. If any Government officer happens to approach the villages where the above is taking place, the spies give intimation to the offenders and the latter disperse in time.
(16.1) Describe how ryots took control over the moneylenders.
(16.2) Explain the measures taken by the ryots to save themselves.
(16.3) Explain why ryots resorted to robbing the moneylenders.
OR
'We are not just going to copy’
We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question: 'Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here.' Well, I told them that it is conceivable, of course… that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past, is witness to this fact that we stand. For democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter? The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country. We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The House will notice that in this Resolution, although we have not used the word 'democratic' because we thought it is obvious that the word “republic’’ contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. We have given the content of democracy in this Resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if I may say so, of economic democracy in this Resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State. Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the Constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. - Constituent Assembly Debates (Cad), VoL.I
(16.1) Explain why Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the resolution.
(16.2) Mention the three basic features of the Constitution given in the above passage.
(16.3) On what kind of socialism did Nehru give stress to?
(16.1) The ryots first spied on the boundaries of their villages to see if any government officers came and gave timely intimation of their arrival to offenders. They then assembled in a body and would go to the house of moneylenders to assault or plunder.
(16.2) Ryots gathered and attacked the shopkeepers, burnt the Khatas, looted grain shops, and in some cases set fire to the houses of sahukars.
(16.3) The money lenders were violating the customary norms of the countryside. The ryots had seen moneylender as devious and deceitful.
Or
(16.1) Because the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions and we have done something much more than using the word.
(16.2) The three basic features of the Constitution are Sovereign, Socialist and Republic.
(16.3) The socialism with the socialist idea of economic justice.
Why ‘Objectives Resolution’ of Nehru is considered a momentous resolution? Give any two reasons.
Objectives Resolution was a momentous resolution:
(i) Outlined the defining ideals of the Constitution of independent India.
(ii) Provided the framework within which the work of the constitution-making was to proceed.
Explain how Indian partition was a culmination of communal politics that started developing in the opening decades of the 20th century.
OR
Explain how the constitution of India protects the right of the Central government and the states.
Some scholars see Partition as a culmination of a communal politics that started developing in the opening decades of the twentieth century.
(i) They suggest that separate electorates for Muslims, created by the colonial government in 1909 and expanded in 1919, crucially shaped the nature of communal politics.
(ii) This created a temptation for politicians working within this system to use sectarian slogans and gather a following by distributing favours to their own religious groups.
(iii) Religious identities thus acquired a functional use within a modern political system; and the logic of electoral politics deepened and hardened these identities.
(iv) Community identities no longer indicated simple difference in faith and belief; they came to mean active opposition and hostility between communities.
(v) Communal identities were consolidated by a host of other developments in the early twentieth century.
(vi) During the 1920s and early 1930s tension grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by “music-before-mosque”, by the cow protection movement, and by the efforts of the Arya Samaj to bring back to the Hindu fold (shuddhi) those who had recently converted to Islam.
(vii) Hindus were angered by the rapid spread of tabligh (propaganda) and tanzim (organisation) after 1923.
(viii) As middle class publicists and communal activists sought to build greater solidarity within their communities, mobilising people against the other community, riots spread in different parts of the country.
(ix) Every communal riot deepened differences between communities, creating disturbing memories of violence.
(x) Some historians, both Indian and Pakistani, suggest that Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s theory that the Hindus and Muslims in colonial India constituted two separate nations can be projected back into medieval history.
OR
The right of the Central government and the states:
(i) One of the topics most vigorously debated in the Constituent Assembly was the respective rights of the Central Government and the states
(ii) Among those arguing for a strong Centre was Jawaharlal Nehru. As he put it in a letter to the President of the Constituent Assembly, “Now that partition is a settled fact, … it would be injurious to the interests of the country to provide for a weak central authority which would be incapable of ensuring peace, of coordinating vital matters of common concern and of speaking effectively for the whole country in the international sphere”.
(iii) The Draft Constitution provided for three lists of subjects: Union, State, and Concurrent.
(iv) The subjects in the first list were to be the preserve of the Central Government, while those in the second list were vested with the states.
(v) As for the third list, here Centre and state shared responsibility.
(vi) However, many more items were placed under exclusive Union control than in other federations, and more placed on the Concurrent list too than desired by the provinces.
(vii) Besides, Article 356 gave the Centre the powers to take over a state administration on the recommendation of the governor
(viii) The Constitution also mandated for a complex system of fiscal federalism. In the case of some taxes (for instance, customs duties and Company taxes) the Centre retained all the proceeds.
(ix) In other cases (such as income tax and excise duties) it shared them with the states; in still other cases (for instance, estate duties) it assigned them wholly to the states.
(x) The states, meanwhile, could levy and collect certain taxes on their own: these included land and property taxes, sales tax, and the hugely profitable tax on bottled liquor.
'The discussions within the constituent assembly were also influenced by the opinion expressed by the public.' Examine the statement.
Influence of public opinion on the discussions in the Constituent Assembly:
(i) The newspapers reported the discussions in the Constituent Assembly.
(ii) The press reported the reactions of the public to the discussions in the Assembly.
(iii) The press opened the opportunity to comment on different issues & published the public opinion.
(iv) Criticism and counter criticism in the press in turn shaped the nature of the discussions in the Assembly.
(v) In order to create a sense of collective participation the public was also asked to send in their views on what needed to be done.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Well, Sir, I must congratulate Pandit Nehru for the fine expression he gave to the spirit of the Indian people when he said that no imposition from the British will be accepted by the Indian people. Imposition would be resented and objected to, he said, and he added that if need be we will walk the valley of struggle. That is very good, Sir - bold words, noble words.
But the point is to see when and how are you going to apply that challenge. Well, Sir, the point is that the imposition is here right now. Not only has the British Plan made any future Constitution... dependent on a treaty satisfactory to the Britisher but it suggests that for every little difference you will have to run to the Federal Court or dance attendance there in England;
or to call on the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee or someone else. Not only is it a fact that this Constituent Assembly, whatever plans we may be hatching, we are under the shadow
of British guns, British Army, their economic and financial stranglehold' - which means that the final power is still in the British hands and the question of power has not yet been finally decided, which means the future is not yet completely in our hands. Not only that, but the statements made by Attlee and others recently have made it clear that if need be, they will even threaten you with division entirely. This means, Sir, there is no freedom in this country. As Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel put it some days ago, we have freedom only to fight among ourselves. That is the only freedom we have got
... Therefore, our humble suggestion is that it is not a question of getting something by working out this Plan but to declare independence here and now and call upon the Interim Government, 166 call upon the people of India, to stop fratricidal warfare and look out against its enemy, which still has the whip in hand, the British Imperialism – and go together to fight it and then resolve our claims afterwards when we will be free.
(1) Why did Somnath Lahiri congratulate Pt. Nehru?
(2) Explain why Somnath feels that the absence of constitution will mean dependence on the
British.
(3) How did he feel that the final power was still in the hands of the British?
(4) Explain the views of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
OR
'The real minorities are the masses of this country”.
Welcoming the Objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru, N.G. Ranga said:
Sir, there is a lot of talk about minorities. Who are the real minorities? Not the Hindus in the so-called Pakistan provinces, not the Sikhs, not even the Muslims. No, the real minorities are the masses of this country. These people are so depressed and oppressed and suppressed till now that they are not able to take advantage of the ordinary civil rights. What is the position? You go to the tribal areas.
According to law, their own traditional law, their tribal law, their lands cannot be alienated. Yet our merchants go there, and in the so-called free market they are able to snatch their lands. Thus, even though the law goes against this snatching away of their lands, still the merchants are able to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves. Let us go to the ordinary villagers. There goes the money-lender with his money and he is able to get the villagers in his pocket. There is the landlord himself, the zamindar, and the malguzar and there are the various other people who are able to exploit these poor villagers. There is no elementary education even among these people. These are the real minorities that need protection and assurances of protection. In order to give them the necessary protection, we will need much more than this Resolution...
(1) Who are the real minorities according to Shri N.G. Ranga and why?
(2) Explain N.G. Ranga's views about the condition of ordinary villagers.
(3) Mention the views of Prof. N.G. Ranga regarding the tribal areas and the tribal law.'
(1) Somnath Lahri congratulated Pandit Nehru for the fine expression that he gave to the spirit of Indian people, when he said, there could be no imposition from the British as it will cause resentment from the Indian people.
(2) Somnath felt that absence of the Constitution would mean dependence on the British because:
(a) For every little problem Indians would have to run to the Federal Court in England.
(b) Indians would remain under the stranglehold or the shadow of the British.
(3) He felt that the final power was still in the hands of the British as:
(i) The Indian constituent assembly was a creation of the British
(ii) India was still under British rule.
(4) Sardar Patel Said ‘We have freedom only to fight among ourselves’ and no other freedom.
OR
(1) The real minorities according to NG Ranga are the masses of the country i.e the poor peasant, tribals etc. These people are oppressed, depressed and suppressed and have no knowledge of their civil rights.
(2) The ordinary villager was oppressed, suppressed and depressed. He had no civil rights. He was dominated by outsiders like traders, money lenders, zamindars …etc. They were treated as bonded slaves. They had no elementary education.
(3) According to NG Ranga, tribal areas have their own traditional laws. According to these laws, the tribals can’t be alienated from their lands but the traders, moneylenders and zamindars oppressed and exploited them. They needed protection in the Constitution.
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow:
‘‘The real minorities are the masses of this country’’
Welcoming the Objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru, N.G. Ranga said :
Sir, there is a lot of talk about minorities. Who are the real minorities ? Not the Hindus in the so-called Pakistan provinces, not the Sikhs, not even the Muslims. No, the real minorities are the masses of this country. These people are so depressed and oppressed and suppressed till now that they are not able to take advantage of the ordinary civil rights. What is the position ? You go to the tribal areas. According to law, their own traditional law, their tribal law, their lands cannot be alienated. Yet our merchants go there, and in the so-called free market they are able to snatch their lands. Thus, even though the law goes against this snatching away of their lands, still the merchants are able to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves. Let us go to the ordinary villagers. There goes the money-lender with his money and he is able to get the villagers in his pocket. There is the landlord himself, the zamindar, and the malguzar and there are the various other people who are able to exploit these poor villagers. There is no elementary education even among these people. These are the real minorities that need protection and assurances of protection. In order to give them the necessary protection, we will need much more than this Resolution ....
CAD, VOL. II
(17.1) On which aspect did N.G. Ranga draw attention?
(17.2) What type of problems did the ordinary villagers face?
(17.3) What kind of protection was needed for the real minorities?
(17.1) N G Ranga has drawn attention to real minorities who are the masses of this country. These people were so depressed, oppressed and suppressed that they were not able to take advantage of the ordinary civil rights.
(17.2) Problems of the ordinary villagers are:
(i) Merchants snatch their lands and are able to turn the tribal people into veritable slaves by various kinds of bonds, and make them hereditary bond-slaves.
(ii) Money-lenders with his money get the villages in his pocket, the zamindars and malguzars exploit poor villagers.
(17.3) Protection needed for the real minorities and assurances of protection which includes elementary education to the minorities. The reservation of seats in the legislature was essential to represents themselves.
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows :
“For the success of democracy one must train oneself in the art of self discipline. In democracies one should care less for himself and more for others. There can’t be any divided loyalty. All loyalties must exclusively be centered round the state. If in a democracy, you create rival loyalties or you create a system in which any individual or a group, instead of suppressing his extravagance cares not for larger or other interests, then democracy is doomed.”
In the light of the above passage highlight the values which a loyal citizen of a democratic country should uphold.
(i) Self discipline.
(ii) Loyalty to the nation.
(iii) Firm believe in democracy.
(iv) Nation above selfish ends.
(v) Patriotism.
(vi) Feeling of collective belonging.
(vii) Secularism and tolerance.
(viii) Feeling of integrity and dutifulness.
(ix) Values of social justice, equality, fraternity.
(x) Respecting minorities.
(ANY FOUR OR FIVE)
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