Practical Work In Geography Part I Chapter 1 Data : Its Source And Compilation

B.

Data

C.

Real world

A.

Four and cross method

B.

Cumulative frequency is measured.

A.

Exclusive method

Data: The data are defined as numbers that represent measurement from the real word. The numerical information is called data
Information: The information is defined as either a meaningful answer to a query or a meaningful stimulus that can cascade into further queries.

Data processing means tabulation of data. Processing of raw data requires their tabulation and classification in n, classes. For example, the data given in the following table can be used to understand how they are processed.

Score of 60 students in gerography paper:

First step is to group data in order to reduce its volume and make it easy to understand.

A foot note in a table gives the relevant information about the data collected from a particular source.

Primary sources of data are those which are collected for the first time by an individual or the group of individuals, institutions, organisations.

The sources of secondary data are:

(i)    Government publications.

(ii)   Semi/quasi government publications.

(iii)  International publications.

(iv)  Private publications.

(v)   Newspapers and magazines.

(vi)  Electronic.

The secondary data are collected from national and inernational agencies. National Agencies are:

1.    Government Publications: The publications of the various ministries and the departments of the government of India state government and the district bulletins are one of the most important sources of secondary information. These includes the censes of India published by Registrar General of India, National Simple Survey etc.

2.    International Publications: The international publications comprise year books, reports and monographs published by different agencies of the Uniited Nations such as UNESCO, WHO and other agencies.

An index number is a statistical measure designed to show changes in variable or a group of related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other characteristics. It is to be noted that index numbers not only measure changes over a period of time but also compare economic conditions of different locations-industries, cities or countries. Index number is widly used in economics and business to see changes in price and quantity. There are various methods for the calculations of index number. Simple aggregate method is most commonly used. It is obtained using the following formula: 

Σq₁ = Total of the current year production.

Σq₀ = Total of the base year production.

Example: Production of iron ore in India.

Students do themselves.

Students do themselves.

The quantitative information about any element is known as data. It is expressed in numerical form. For example, the geographical area cultivable are, under crops etc. These numerical facts to describe an element are called data.

Sources of data collection: Two types of sources are used to collect data.

(i)    Primary sources: In primary sources a researcher collects data himself in the original form. He himself surveys the area and collects the information. Generally the data is collected with the help of questionnaire.

(ii)   Secondary sources: In secondary sources data is collected by government organisation and departments. Such sources of data include census report, statistical report etc, National Sample Survey reports and agricultural statistics. Data provided through secondary source may not often be adequate.

Tabulation of Data: The raw data is collected in an unclassified form. It is difficult to understand it and to draw a conclusion from it. This data is presented in a systematic and arranged form. The principal method of presenting data is through, tabular representation. The purpose of a table is to simplify the presentation and to make comparision easy. The data is presented in the shape of columns and rows. Columns are written vertically and the rows are horizantally.

Main parts a table: The main functional parts of a table are shown in the following format:

(i)    Table Number: It is given for reference.

(ii)    Title of the Table: It is written to describe the content of the table.

Table Number

Title of the table

Head Note

Foot Note: If any.

Sources.

(iii)    Head Note: The head note gives detailed information of the data.

(iv)    Sub Title: Ist includes sub head and enteries.

(v)     Body: It includes the data enteries.

(vi)    Foot Note: Some information is placed at the bottom of the table and is marked.

(vii)    Source Note: The source of data is given at the bottom of the table.

(i) Collection of data is a first step in its utilisation. Care is taken to record data as accurately as possible. Because defective data lead to defective results.

(ii) Data classification involves editing, classification and organisation of the collected data to present the same in condensed forms. The sum total of computing, tabulating and statistically transforming relevant information in a suitable format is known as data analysis. The first in this process is classification of the data according to some common characteristics.

Data classification involves:

(i)     Classifying the data on the basis of time, region, quality, magnitude etc.

(ii)    Tabulating the data in the torm of tables without loosing their accuracy.

(iii)   Processing of the data using suitable statistical techniques.

The data are defined as numbers that represent measurements from the real word. In other words numerical information is called data.

Bar graphs, Pie graphs and Line graphs.

Primary sources and secondary sources.

x-axis and y-axis.

A curve obtained by plotting the cumulative frequencies is called ogive.

Frequency polygon is a graph showing the frequency distribution. It is drawn by joining the middle points of the upper side of the adjacent rectangles or bars of the histogram with straight lines.

Arranging the data in a table.

National Atlas and Tabulation and Thematic Mapping Organisation.

Turin Pepparus.