India People And Economy Chapter 8 Manufacturing Industries

C.

Population Density

B.

TISCO

D.

All of the above

B.

Kolkata-Rishra

B.

Uttar Pradesh

The reasons:
(i) The iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country because iron and steel forms the basis of infrastructure for industrial development.
(ii) Steel is used as basic material in the manufacture of metal products, electrical machinery, transport equipment etc.
(iii) Almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.

Cotton textile industry in India can be divided into two sectors :
(i) the organised sector and
(ii) the decentralised sector.
The decentralised sector includes cloth produced in handlooms (including Khadi) and powerlooms. The production of the organised sector has drastically fallen from 81 per cent in the mid-twentieth century to only about 6 per cent in 2000. At present, the powerlooms on the decentralised sector produce more than 59 per cent and the handloom sector produces about 19 per cent of all cotton cloth produced in the country.

Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality of raw material.

Sugarcane is harvested in a particular season only. Sugar mills are operative for a part of the year only during the crushing season.

The raw material base for the petrochemical industry is the crude petroleum.
The products are:

(i) Polymers, (ii) Synthetic fibres, (iii) Elastomers, (iv) Surfactant intermediate.

Information technology has had a profound influence on the countries economy.

(i) The information technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation.
(ii) The IT and IT-enabled business process out sourcing service continue to be on a robust growth path.

(iii) The IT and IT-enabled business process outsourcing (ITESBPO) services continue to be on a robust growth path. Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy.

In the second half of the nineteenth century the cotton textile industry expanded very rapidly. The number of units increased dramatically. The swadeshi movement gave a major impetus to the industry as there was a call for boycotting all British made goods in favour of Indian goods.
(i) The import of cotton textile reduced to some extent. Small units of textile industry were started.
(ii) The production was started in cottage industries like handlooms and powerlooms were producing cotton clothes.
(iii) Production of khadi was popular. The cottage industry was weaving khadi.

The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991. The major objectives of this policy were to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness.
Privatisation means to convert the public sector industries into private sector. It has reduced the importance of public sector industries.
Globalisation means integrating the economy of the country with the world economy.

In the new industrial policy, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as a supplement to the domestic investment for achieving a higher level of economic development. FDI benefits the domestic industry as well as the consumers by providing technological upgradation, access to global managerial skills and practices, optimum use of natural and human resources, etc.

In Indian context, globalisation implies:
(1) opening of the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economies activity in India;
(2) removing restrictions and obstacles to the entry of multinational companies in India;

(3) allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaboration in India and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad.

On the basis of raw material industries are classified as under:

1. Agro based industries such as sugar and cotton textile.

2. Forest based industries such as paper.

3. Mineral based industries such as iron and steel and cement.

4. Industrially processed raw material industries such as heavy engineering, machine tools etc.

The iron and steel plants are as under:

1. Indian Iron and Steel Company, Burnpur.

2. Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur.

3. Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai.

4. Durgapur Steel Plant, Durgapur (West Bengal)

5. Rourkela Steel Plant, Rourkela (Orissa).

6. Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro (Jharkhand)

7. Visveswarayya Iron and Steel Ltd., Bhadrawati.

8. Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant (A.P.)

9. Vijaynagar Steel Plant (Karnataka)

10. Salem Steel Plant, Salem (Tamil Nadu)

The iron and steel plants are located near the source of raw materials in India because iron and steel industry is a heavy and large scale industry. Its raw materials are also heavy and bulky and are weight-losing.

Followings are the factors responsible for the development of iron and steel industry in Eastern India:

(i) Nearness of raw material such as manganese.

(ii) Nearness of coalfields.

(iii) Cheap labour is available in abundance from neighbouring states like Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa.

(i) West Bengal.

(ii) Coal from Jharia and iron ore from Kulaisila.

(iii) Birmitrapur.

On the basis of entrepreneurship industries are as:

1. Public sector industries

2. Private sector industries

3. Joint sector industries

4. Co-operative sector industries.

Bangalore-Chennai Industrial Region: 
(i) This region witnessed most rapid industrial growth in post - Independence period. Till 1960, industries were confined to Bangalore, Salem and Madurai districts but now they have spread over all the districts of Tamil Nadu except Viluppuram.
(ii) Since, this region is away from the coalfields, its development is dependent on the Pykara hydroelectric plant, which was built in 1932.
(iii) Cotton textile industry was the first to take roots due to the presence of cotton growing areas. Along with cotton mills, loom industry spread very rapidly.
(iv) Several heavy engineering industries converged at Bangalore. Aircraft (HAL), machine tools, telephone (HTL) and Bharat Electronics are industrial landmarks of this region.
(v) Important industries are textiles, rail wagons, diesel engines, radio, light engineering goods, rubber goods, medicines, aluminium, sugar, cement, glass, paper, chemicals, film, cigarette, match box, leather goods, etc. Petroleum refinery at Chennai, iron and steel plant at Salem

Industries based on agricultural raw material are known as agro-based industries such as sugar industries based on sugarcane and cotton textile industy based on cotton availed from agriculture.

The important reasons are mentioned below:

Ferrous industries : Iron and steel industry.

Non-ferrous industries : Aluminium industries.

The new industrial policy was announced in 1991. The policy deregulates the industrial economy in a substantial manner. This policy adopted three measures.

1. Liberalisation : Liberalisation has resulted in reducing restrictions on many industries. According to new industrial policy, licencing system except on nine major industries has been established.

Within this policy, measures initiated are :
(1) abolition of industrial licensing,
(2) free entry to foreign technology,
(3) foreign investment policy,
(4) access to capital market,
(5) open trade,
(6) abolition of phased manufacturing programme, and
(7) liberalised industrial location programme.

Gujarat Industrial Region:

It was very close to cotton producing areas.

Bhilai.

Tamil Nadu.

Maharashtra.

Petrochemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from petroleum resources.

1991.

Vishakhapatanam.

Rourkela (Orissa).

Tata Iron and Steel Company.

The factors are as followings :
1. Nearness of raw material.
2. Nearness of coal fields.
3. Availability of water.

Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries, important among them are :

(i) The number of industrial units.

(ii) The number of industrial workers.

(iii) Quantum of power used pre- industrial purpose.

(iv) Total industrial output

(v) Value added by manufacturing etc.

The new steel plants set up during fourth five-year plan were:

1. Vizag Steel Plant in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

2. Vijayanagar Steel Plant at Hospet in Karnataka.

3. The Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu.

These plants are different from the earlier plants.

(i) All these plants were set up in south India. These are away from the main raw material sources.
(ii) The Vizag Steel Plant is a port based plant.
(ii) The indigenous technology is used in Vijayanagar Steel Plant. The local iron ore is used in this plant.

The following factors are responsible for the development of Hooghly industrial belt:

(i) Historical, geographical, economic and political factors have contributed much to its development. It developed with the opening of river port on Hugli.
(ii) Development of tea plantations in Assam and northern hills of West Bengal.
(iii) The processing of indigo earlier and jute later coupled with the opening of coalfields of the Damodar Valley and iron ore deposits of the Chotanagpur plateau, contributed to the industrial development of the region.
(iv) Cheap labour available from thickly populated part of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa also contributed to its development.

In Indian context, globalisation implies:
(1) Opening of the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economics activity in India;
(2) removing restrictions and obstacles to the entry of multinational companies in India;
(3) allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaboration in India and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad;
(4) carrying out massive import liberalisation programmes by switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs in the first place, and then bringing down the level of import duties considerably; and
(5) instead of a set of export incentives, opting for exchange rate adjustments for promoting export.

The four sub-groups of this industry are:

(i) Polymers, (ii) Elastomers , (iii) Synthetic, (iv) Surfactant intermediate.

Vadodara is a hub of petrochemical industries.

The sugar industry is shifting towards southern India i.e., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in peninsular India for the following reasons:

The different between chemical industry and petrochemical industry are as under:

A.

cotton textile

A.

Bengaluru

B.

Cement

D.

600 million tonnes

1854

Maharashtra

1869

Jamshedpur

Mumbai

TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Co.)

1951

Iron and Steel Industry

Bhadrawati

Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology:

(i)Understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.

(ii)Understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

(iii)The laws of aerodynamics are used to develop faster planes.

Noise pollution  refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortable to human beings which is caused by noise from different sources.

Sources of noise pollution are :

(i) Trains

(ii) Industrial processing and advertising media

(iii) Automobiles

(iv) Aircrafts

Characteristics of Household Industries:

 (i) It is the smallest manufacturing unit.

 (ii) The artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes with the help of their family members or part time labour.

 (iii) Capital and transportation do not wield much influence as this type of manufacturing has low commercial significance and most of the tools are devised locally.

(19.1) The Bhilai Steel Plant

(19.2) The Korba Thermal Power Station supplies power to it

(19.3)  The water comes from the Tandula Dam

Explanations:

(i) Labour supply is an important factor in the location of industries. Some types of manufacturing still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industry upon the labours.

(ii) Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminum industry.

(iii) Earlier coal was the main source of energy, today hydroelectricity and petroleum are also important sources of energy for many industries.

(19.1) Tata Iron and steel plant (TISCO), Jamshedpur steel plant.

(19.2) Birmitrapur

(19.3) Jharia

Manufacturing sector

The major objectives of this policy were to:

(i) Correct the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in

(ii) Maintain a sustained growth in productivity

(iii) Gainful employment and attain international competitiveness.

(10.1) Tata Iron & Steel Plant (TISCO)

(10.2) Coal comes from Jharia Coal fields and limestone from Birmitrapur.

(10.3) Source of Water: Subernarekha and Kharkoi.

• The main reason for the development of this industry was its location along the Hugli river.
• Historical, geographical, economic and political factors also contributed to its development.
• Cheap labour available from thickly populated part of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa also contributed to its development.
• Development of tea plantations in Assam and northern hills of West Bengal, the processing of indigo and jute and with the opening of coalfields of the Damodar Valley and iron ore deposits of the Chotanagpur plateau, contributed to the industrial development of the region.
• The opening of river port on Hugli also added to its development.

Name :- (10.1) Bhilai Steel plant

State :- Chhattisgarh

(10.2) Main source of power - Korba Thermal power station. Rail route - Kolkata – Mumbai rail route.

(10.3) Iron ore : Dalli – Rajhara mine.

a. Because of watershed management programmes, erosion of soil has decreased. This has helped in preventing land degradation and has improved the quality of soil.

b. Because of the availability of water, the cover of natural vegetation has increased and new pastures have developed.

c. It has helped in improving the sources of livelihood for the tribal people by increasing forest produce and agricultural productivity.

Thus, watershed management programmes implemented in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh have resulted in the overall development of the region.