India People And Economy Chapter 7 Mineral And Energy Resources

A.

Assam

D.

Tarapur

B.

Lignite

C.

Thermal

India has monopoly in production of mica producing about 60% of the world's total production. About 95% of India's mica is found in just three states of Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

(i) Jharkhand : Jharkhand has the richest belt and accounts for 60% of India’s production in terms of value. Mica is found in a belt extending about 150 km in length and 32 km in width from Gaya to Hazaribagh and Kodarma. Kodarma is a well-known place for mica production in Jharkhand.

(ii) Andhra Pradesh : This is second largest producer and accounts for 25% of India's mica. The areas are in Nellore district. It is 97 km. long and 30 km. wide.

(iii) Rajasthan : The mica belt extends from Jaipur to Udaipur. This is 322 km. long with an average width of 96 cm. The major mica producers are Bhilwara, Jaipur, Tonk, Sikar, Dungarpur and Ajmer.

The power obtained by splitting atoms called nuclear power. India has six nuclear power stations. Among them important stations are as follows :

1. Tarapur (Maharashtra)

2. Kota (Rajasthan)

3. Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)

4. Narora (Uttar Pradesh)

Non-ferrous metals are as under:

The energy sources which are different from conventional sources of energy (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) is called non-conventional sources of energy.
Example, solar energy, biomass and wind energy etc.

Three advantages of hydro power are as follows :

(i) It is an inexhaustible source of energy.

(ii) It is pollution free.

(iii) It is a cheaper source of energy.

The significance: 
Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators. It is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to jewellery.
Distribution:
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.
Minor producers of Copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).

Three broad belts of minerals in India are described below:

(iii) North-western region : It extends from the gulf of Khambat to Aravali hills in Rajasthan. Chief minerals are petroleum and natural gas, copper, mica, bauxite, silver and zinc.

The South-Western Plateau: 

Bio-energy refers to energy derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes.

1. Metallic minerals, 2. Non-metallic minerals.

Hematite and Megnatite.

Coal and petroleum.

Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana and tertiary deposits.
(i) About 80 per cent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-coking grade. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley They lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt and the important coal fields in this region are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura. Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj. The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.
(ii) The most important coal mining centres are Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh (part of Singrauli coal field lies in Uttar Pradesh), Korba in Chhattisgarh, Talcher and Rampur in Orissa, Chanda–Wardha, Kamptee and Bander in Maharashtra and Singareni and Pandur in Andhra Pradesh.
(iii) Tertiary coals occur in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. It is extracted from Darangiri, Cherrapunji, Mewlong and Langrin (Meghalaya); Makum, Jaipur and Nazira in upper Assam, Namchik – Namphuk (Arunachal Pradesh) and Kalakot (Jammu and Kashmir).
(iv) Besides, the brown coal or lignite occur in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir

When the magma from the interior of earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy. Apart from this, the hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells is also used in the generation of thermal energy. It is popularly known as Geothermal energy.

These are diffrences between Thermal and hydro electricity.

Followings are the differences between Gondawana and tertiary coals.

A.

5.30 billion

B.

3.24 crore tonnes

A.

7.5 crore tonnes

B.

Jamnagar

A.

Mumbai High

A.

68

Tertiary

Coal

1972

Digboi

Mumbai High

Reliance Petroleum Limited (Jamnagar, Gujarat)

Jharkhand

Bauxite

Orissa

Values that can change the possible dark scenario of electricity –

(i) Sustainable development of energy resources .

(ii)Maximum use of renewable energy sources such as Solar, Wind, hydro geothermal and biomass.

(iii)Optimum use of energy resources and minimum wastage.

Characteristics of mineral resources of lndia:

 (i) These are unevenly distributed over space.

 (ii) There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals.

 (iii) The third main characteristic is that all minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologically and they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. 

Ferrous and non-Ferrous

Solar energy tapped in photovoltaic cells.

Two advantages:

(i) It is cost competitive

(ii) Environment friendly

Distribution of mineral and energy resource:

(i) Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks.

(ii) 97% of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari.

(iii) Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basin of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High.

(i) They are easily available in different parts.

(ii) They are very abundant in nature.

(iii) They will provide sustainable, eco-friendly and cheap energy.

The values needed to achieve this goal:

(i) In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is specially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are meagre.

(ii) Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.

(iii) Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period.

12.1) The steel plant shown in the diagram is ‘Durgapur steel plant’.

12.2) Coal is supplied from the ‘Jharia–Raniganj’ coal belt and manganese is supplied from the ‘Noamudi–Bonaigarh’ mining area.

12.3) The ‘Damodar Valley Corporation’ on Damodar River is a source of water supply to this plant.