India People And Economy Chapter 3 Human Development

B.

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126

C.

Kerala

D.

Bihar

B.

Chandigarh

Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.

The reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the northern states of India are given below:

The reasons for declining of child ratio are :

(i)Feudal mindset of the people who still consider  women to be a curse. 
(ii)Lack of punitive measure from the government against the sex determination centre.   

The spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2001 is discussed below: 
(i)Overall literacy in India was approximately 65. 4 per cent in 2001 while female literacy was 54.16 per cent. 
(ii)Total literacy as well as female literacy is higher than the national average in most of the states from south India.
(iii)There are wide regional disparities in literacy rate across the states of India. There is a state like Bihar which has very low (47.53 per cent) literacy and there are states like Kerala and Mizoram which have literacy rates of 90.92 and 88.49 per cent respectively.
The resaons:
(i)The Northern states have lesser investment on female child education in comparison to male.
(ii)The urban areas provide facilities to female with ease than in rural areas.
(iii)The concern regarding safety and security of girls has caused most parent to disallow their child to study at far away places.

The factors are:

(i)There are several socio-political, economic and historical reasons for such a state of affairs. Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred per cent literacy in 2001.
(ii)In a different scenario the states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Uttar Pradesh have very low literacy. For example, total literacy rate for Bihar was as low as 60.32 per cent during the same year. States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female literacy rates. 

(iii)Apart from the educational attainment, the levels of economic development too play significant impacts on HDI.
(iv)Economically developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana have higher value of HDI as compared to states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc.
(v)Regional distortions and social disparities which developed during the colonial period continue to act as an important factor.

Norway is ranked first according to the human development report of 2002 and India’s position is 127th.

The poor are being subjected to three inter-related processes of declining capabilities; i.e.
(ii)social capabilities – due to displacement and weakening social ties (social capital),
(ii)environmental capabilities – due to pollution and,
(iii)personal capabilities – due to increasing incidence of diseases and accidents.

Life free from illness and ailment and living a reasonably long life span are indicative of a healthy life.

Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred per cent literacy  in 2001.

Bihar 

Human Development Report 1993:
(i)The UNDP in its Human Development Report 1993, tried to amend some of the implicit biases and prejudices which were entrenched in the concept of development.
(ii)People’s participation and their security were the major issues in the Human Development Report of 1993.
(iii)It also emphasised on progressive democratisation and increasing empowerment of people as minimum conditions for human development.
(iv)The report recognised greater constructive role of ‘Civil Societies’ in bringing about peace and human development.
(v)The civil society should work for building up opinion for reduction in the military expenditure, demobilisation of armed forces, transition from defence to production of basic goods and services and particularly disarmament and reduction in the nuclear warheads by the developed countries. 

Development is complex because for ages it was thought that development is a substantive concept and once it is achieved it will address all the socio-cultural and environmental ills of the society.

The views expressed by the Neo-Malthusians, environmentalists and radical ecologists are explained below:
(i)They believe that for a happy and peaceful social life proper balance between population and resources is a necessary condition.
(ii)According to these thinkers, the gap between the resources and population has widened after eighteenth century.
(iii)There have been marginal expansion in the resources of the world in the last three hundred years but there has been phenomenal growth in the human population.
(iv)Development has only contributed in increasing the multiple uses of the limited resources of the world while there has been enormous increase in the demand for these resources.
(v)Therefore, the prime task before any development activity is to maintain parity between population and resources.

Goa and Jammu and Kashmir.

States with high literacy : After Kerala (90.9%) Mizoram (88.8%) occupy second slot and Lakshadweep (86.71%) is at third position.
Beside these, the are other states which have high literacy rate are : Delhi, Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar and Daman and Diu.

States with low literacy : These are Bihar (47.0% the lowest literacy rate), Jharkhand (54.13%), Jammu and Kashmir (54.45%), Arunachal Pradesh (54.74%), Uttar Pradesh (57.45%), Rajasthan (61.03%) and Andhra Pradesh (61.13%).

The spatial pattern of female literacy in India is described below:

Fig.

The followings show the other face of development for a post-colonial country like India:
(i)colonisation 
(ii)marginalisation
(iii)social discrimination 
(iv)regional disparity

Education and Healthy life

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws.

For Example:

(i) The understanding of concept of friction and heat helped us discover fire.

(ii) Understanding of the secrets of DNA ad genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

(iii) We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes.

The arguments:

(i) At present, the share of adolescents i.e., up to the age group of 10-19 years is about 20.9 per cent (2011).

(ii) Among which male adolescents constitute 52.7 per cent and female adolescents constitute 47.3 per cent.

(iii) The adolescent population, though, regarded as the youthful population having high potentials.

(iv) But at the same time they are quite vulnerable if not guided and channelised properly.
(v) There are many challenges for the society as far as these adolescents are concerned, some of which are lower age at marriage, illiteracy – particularly female illiteracy, school dropouts, low intake of nutrients, high rate of maternal mortality of adolescent mothers, high rates of HIV/AIDS infections, physical and mental disability or retardedness, drug abuse and alcoholism, juvenile delinquency and commitence of crimes, etc.