India People And Economy Chapter 2 Migration - Types, Causes And Consequences

C.

 Work and employment

C.

Maharashtra

C.

Rural-urban

A.

Mumbai UA

Life-time migrant : If the place of birth is different from the place of enume-ration it is known as life-time migrant.
Migrant by last residence : If the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration it is known as migrant by last residence.

The main reason for male and female selective migration is marriage.
This is the most important cause in rural areas of India as 65% females  move out from their parental houses following their marriage.

Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country.
(i)Rural-urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities.
(ii)Age and skill-selective out-migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
(iii)However, high out-migration from Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have brought serious imbalances in age and sex composition in these states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the recipients states. 
(iv)Migration affects the status of women directly or indirectly. In the rural areas, male selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts extra physical as well mental pressure on the women.
(v)Migration of ‘women’ either for education or employment enhances their autonomy and role in the economy but also increases their vulnerability

Social consequences :

(i)Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and breaking through the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large.
(ii)But it also has serious negative consequences such as anonymity, which creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals.
(iii)Continued feeling of dejection may motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse.

Demographic consequences:
(i)Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country. Rural urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
(ii)However, high out migration from Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have brought serious imbalances in age and sex composition in these states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the recipients states.

In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases :
(i) Place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration known as life-time migrant. 
(ii) Place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration known as migrant by place of last residence.

Spatial Variation in Migration:

The reasons can be put into two broad categories:
(i) Push factor, these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin. 
(ii) Pull factors, which attract the people from different places.

Rural to Urban.

Greater Mumbai.

Men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons.

Employment. 

Maharashtra.

Meghalaya.

In India, people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to:
(i)poverty 
(ii)high population pressure on the land 
(iii)lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education, etc.

Environmental Consequences of migration are mentioned below:

Migration that take place within the country or state is called internal migration.
The four streams of internal migration in India are discussed below:

(i)Rural to urban : People from rural areas go to the urban areas in search of jobs and security and settled there, is the stream from rural to urban.

Internal Migration : The type of migration in which movement of people is mainly undertaken within the political boundary of the country.
For example, the people of Bihar migrated to Punjab.

The difference between 
(i)Push factor:  these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin. 
(ii)Pull factors: these attract the people from different places.

A.

Maharashtra

B.

Uttar Pradesh

C.

Entertainment

A.

31.5 crore

C.

remittance

A.

Bangladesh

D.

65

A.

push and pull factors

Push Factors which compel the people to migrate from one area to another area in India:

(i) Poverty

(ii) High Pressure of population on land

(iii) Lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education etc.

Causes of Male & Female Migration
Males- largely migrate for jobs/employment.
Females- largely move after marriage.
Environmental Consequences:

i. Overcrowding of people due to rural-urban migration has put pressure on the existing social and physical infrastructure in the urban areas.

ii. This ultimately leads to unplanned growth of urban settlement and formation of slums shanty colonies.

iii. Apart from this, due to over-exploitation of natural resources, cities are facing the acute problem of depletion of ground water, air pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes.

Economic Consequences:

(i) A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants.

(ii) Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.

(iii) Besides this, unregulated migration to the metropolitan cities of India has caused overcrowding.

Social Consequences:

(i) Migrants act as agents of social change.

(ii) Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures.

(iii) It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and breaking through the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large.

Rural to rural.

In India, people usually migrate from villages to industrial cities in search of employment opportunities.

A] Economic consequences of migration in India:

a. Reduction in unemployment: People migrating from rural to urban areas help in developing its economy by working as labourers in construction work of buildings, flyovers and bridges.

b. Migration also helps reduce the burden on the agricultural sector.

c. Improvement in standard of living: Remittances send by migrated people to their original places help improve the standard of living. People in villages spend the remitted money in improving agriculture, repayments of debts and building of houses.

B] Social consequences of migration in India:

a. Diffusion of new ideas: Because of migration, people come across new ideas. When they return to their original places, they carry those ideas with them and try to bring social changes. Intermixing of people from diverse backgrounds also help in evolving of composite culture.

b. Cosmopolitan culture: After migration, people from different regions having different cultures live together. They exchange their culture and values with each other to form a cosmopolitan culture.

c. Formation of slums: Uncontrolled and rapid migration leads to the formation of slums with poor sanitation and heath facilities. Criminal activities rise because of poverty.