India People And Economy Chapter 12 Geographical Perspective On Selected Issues And Problems

C.

Yamuna

B.

Diarrhorea

D.

Air pollution

A.

Migration

The major sources of air pollution are:
(i) Natural sources such as: Volcanic eruptions, dust storms, fires etc. and human-made sources such as factories, urban centres, automobiles, aircrafts, fertilizers and pesticides, power plants etc.
(ii) Industries emit several poisonous gases and dust, power house emit sulphur and carbon dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbon is also emitted in the atmosphere which harms the ozone layer.
(iii) Other sources are many industrial processes such as paper and pulp, leather and chemical industry.

Solid waste refers to a variety of old and used articles.

These discarded materials are also termed as refuse, garbage and rubbish, etc. and are disposed of from two sources :
(i) household or domestic establishments, and
(ii) industrial or commercial establishments.
The household wastes is disposed off either on public lands or on private contractors’ sites, whereas the solid wastes of industrial units are collected and disposed off through public (municipal) facilities at low lying public grounds (landfill areas).
The huge turn out of ashes and debris from industries, thermal power houses and building constructions or demolitions have posed problems of serious consequences.
Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria and cholera, etc.
These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread by wind and splittered through rain water.
Concentration of industrial units in and around urban centres gives rise to disposal of industrial wastes. The dumping of industrial waste into rivers leads to water pollution. River pollution from city-based industries and untreated sewage leads to serious health problems downstream.

When the amount of foreign undesirable substances are added by human to the water beyond itself purifying capacity it gets polluted.

Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses. There are several problems in the slums areas.

(i) These are inhabited by those people who were forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centres in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing due to high rent and high costs of land.

Mathura and Agra.

Orissa and Bihar.

70%

The increase in carbon dioxide results in green house effect and the atmospheric temperature rises. It has been estimated that the global temperature will rise by about 3°C by the year 2040.
The rise in temperature will inevitable lead to climatic changes, melting of ice and rise in the sea level thereby disturbing the ecological balances.

Components of Natural Environment:
1. Land, 2. Climate, 3. Vegetation.

Components of Cultural Environment :

1. Religion, 2. Education, 3. Language.

Air pollution.

Noise pollution is defined as the state of discomfort and restlessness sound to human by unwanted high-intensity sound.

Pilgrimage and religious fairs.

Industries and transport.

Human activities.

The cities are:
(i) Kanpur
(ii) Allahabad

Air pollution.

Industrial waste.

Delhi.

Water pollution is the main source of water born disease in India.
Diarrhoea is the main disease caused by polluted water.

The sources are:
(i) Improper human activities,
(ii) disposal of untreated industrial waste,
(iii) use of pesticides and fertilisers.

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) has classified wastelands by using remote sensing techniques and it is possible to categorise these wastelands according to the processes that have created them.
(i) There are a few types of wastelands such as gullied /ravinous land, desertic or coastal sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas, which are primarily caused by natural agents.
(ii) There are other types of degraded lands such as waterlogged and marshy areas, land affected by salinity and alkalinity and land with or without scrub, which have largely been caused by natural as well as human factors.
(iii) There are some other types of wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area, degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and mining and industrial wastelands, are caused by human action.

Tips: -

Imp.

There are two sources of air pollution in India.

(i) Industries and (ii) Automobiles.

Industries and automobiles emit several poisonous gases and dust. Powerhouses emit sulphur and carbon dioxide.
Chlorofluorocarbons emitted by several luxuries such as air conditioners etc. are very harmful in the atmosphere. Other sources are many industrial processes such as paper and pulp, leather and chemical industries.

Two sources of urban waste disposal are

(i) Household and
(iii) Industrial establishments.

Problems of urban waste in India:

They are:
(a) Downstream of Kanpur
(b) Downstream of Varanasi
(c) Farrakka Barrage

They are aircraft, automobiles, trains, industrial processing and advertising media.

The pollutants are: Oxides of sulphur (SO2, SO3), Oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbon, ammonia, lead, aldehydes asbestos and beryllium.

The four type of environmental pollutions are:

The sources are :
(i) household or domestic establishments, and
(ii) industrial or commercial establishments.

A.

Delhi

C.

Air pollution

A.

Mathura

A.

1.3 crore hectares

C.

17.9%

Air pollution causes acid rains.

‘Urban Waste Disposal' a serious problem in India:

(i) Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria and cholera, etc.

 (ii) These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread by wind and splittered through rain water.

 (iii) The dumping of industrial waste into rivers leads to water pollution. River pollution from city-based industries and untreated sewage leads to serious health problems downstream.

Atmospheric pollution

Explanations:

(i) Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides are also pollution generating components.

(ii) These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks. These chemicals also infiltrate the soil to reach the ground water.

(iii) Fertiliser induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface waters.

Landslides and Decay and Decomposition of plants and animals.

Watershed Management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of groundwater through various methods like percolation tanks, recharge well etc. However in broad sense watershed management includes conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all resources - natural and human.
Watershed management aims at bringing about balance between natural resources on the one hand and society on the other.

Problems caused by urban waste disposal:

(i) Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell and harbouring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria, cholera etc.

(ii) These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled.

(iii) The dumping of industrial waste into rivers lead to water pollution.

Kanpur and Allahabad

i. The waste should be divided into organic and inorganic.
ii. The garbage should be recycled. 
iii. The non-disposable material should be banned from the usage.  

Problems :

(i) Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria and cholera, etc.

(ii) These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread by wind and splittered through rain water.

(iii) The dumping of industrial waste into rivers leads to water pollution. River pollution from city-based industries and untreated sewage leads to serious health problems downstream.

Land degradation in India can be reduced by:

(i) Watershed Management Programmes.

(ii) Natural resource management and community participation.

(iii) Planting and maintaining one tree on the common property.

Values which can help in maintaining pollution free air:

• Share a ride or engage in car pooling.
• Encourage the use of CNG vehicles or electric vehicles.
• Keep your car properly maintained to keep it in good running condition to avoid smoke emissions.
• We must use eco-friendly non-conventional sources of energy (Solar, Biogas and Wind energy) as conventional sources (Coal,oil and gas) are harmful.
• Never use open fires to dispose of wastes.