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India People And Economy Chapter 11 International Trade

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    NCERT Solution For Class 12 Geography India People And Economy

    International Trade Here is the CBSE Geography Chapter 11 for Class 12 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography International Trade Chapter 11 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography International Trade Chapter 11 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 12 Geography.

    Question 2
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    Trade between two countries is termed as:

    • Internal trade

    • External trade

       

    • International trade

    • Local trade
    Solution

    C.

    International trade

    Question 4
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    Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through

    • Land and sea

    • Land and air

    • Sea and air

    • Sea
    Solution

    C.

    Sea and air

    D.

    Sea

    Question 6
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    Mention the characteristics of the India's foreign trade.
    Solution

    The characteristics of India's foreign trade are mentioned below:


    1.  India has a share only 0.75% (2003–04) in the total world trade. About 90% of India's foreign trade is done through the sea. Countries sharing a land border with India are either economically backward or they have a political rivalry.

    2. As a result of very large population and a small amount of trade, the per capita foreign trade of India is quite low in comparison to that of developed and developing countries.  India has an unfavourable balance of trade.

    3.The total imports of India amounted  608 crores increased to 349931 crores in 2003–04 and the export during these years increased from 606 crores to 286442 crores. Most of the foreign trade is handled by only by the 11 major ports of the country

    4. Today India exports goods to more than 200 countries and imports from more than 180 countries of the world.  We export more than 8250 types of goods and the diversity of goods imported has also increased.

    5. Project exports : This is an invisible item of export. It refers to export at skills include contracts of consultancy, construction and industrial projects. Exports of electronics, computer hardware and software had increased significantly during the recent years.
    Question 7
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    Distinguish between a port and a harbour.
    Solution

    A Port

    A Harbour

    1. It is a point on the coast where ships can be tied up for anchor.

    2. It provides facilities for landing, boardering, loading and unloading of ships.

    3. Indented coasts provides natural ports.

    4. It is linked with a fertile and productive hinterland.

    1. It is an area at sea providing entrances to ships.

    2. Here ships are anchored and given protection from waves and storms.

    3. River estuaries provide natural harbour e.g., Mumbai.

    4. It provide adequate room for anchorage of ships.
    Question 8
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    Explain the meaning of hinterland.
    Solution

    Hinterland is a region lying behind a coastline which supplies the bulk of the exports and takes in the imports.

    Question 9
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    Name important items which India import from different countries.
    Solution

    The items are:
    1. Petroleum and petroleum products — 31.0%

    2. Food and allied products — 3.7%

    3. Chemicals — 6.7%

    4. Gold and silver—9.3%

    5. Precious stones—9.6%

    Question 10
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    Name the ports of India located on the eastcoast.
    Solution

    The ports located on east coast are:

    1. Kolkata/Haldia — (West Bengal)

    2. Paradeep — (Orissa)

    3. Vishakhapatnam — (Andhra Pradesh)

    4. Tuticorin — (Tamil Nadu)

    5. Chennai — (Tamil Nadu)

    6. Ennore — (Tamil Nadu)

    Question 11
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    Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.

     
    Solution
    Composition of Exports :
    Before the independence, agricultural products and minerals were the two chief items of export. Today this composition of export has seen a total reversal. Today the chief items of exports are:

    (i) Manufactured goods : In 2002-03, the share of manufactured items of exports was 76.6%. Among the manufactured goods gems and jewellery and readymade clothes is prominent. Other major items were cotton thread and clothes, machinery, medicines, chemicals and equipment, and mineral products, leather products, transport equipments, electrical goods, iron and steel, paints and coal tar.

    (ii) Agricultural goods : In 2002-03, the agricultural products represented 2.7% of total exports. In addition other products belonging to this category are tea, coffee, foodgrains, tobacco, spices, beverages and fruits.

    (iii) Crude oil and petroleum products : The crude oil exports in 2002-03 constituted 4.9% of total export.

    (iv) Ores and Minerals : The share of minerals in total exports stands at 3.8%. Among the chief items of export are iron ores and mica. In 2002-03 exports of iron ores was worth Rs. 420 crores.

    Composition of Imports :

    1. Fuels like petroleum and petrochemicals are the dominating import items of India. In 2002-03 fuels accounted for 31% of all imports.

    2. Raw material and minerals : These include gems, gold, silver and chemicals. In 2002-03, pearls, precious stones had the share of 9.9%, gold and silver 7% and chemicals 6.9%.

    3. Capital goods such as machinery has the share of 5.8% in total imports.

    4. Other imports are food and allied products, fertilizers and paper etc.
    Question 12
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    Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.
    Solution

    In 1950–51 India's external trade was worth Rs. 12140 million which rose to Rs. 8371330 million in 2004-05.


    The nature of India's foreign trade has changed over the years. The following table shows the change in imports and exports. India’s foreign trade (in million Rs.)

    Years

    Exports

    Imports

    Total

    Trade
         

    Trade

    deficit

    1994–95

    826740

    899710

    1726450

    72970

    2000–01

    2035710

    2308730

    4344440

    273020

    2004-05

    3560690

    4810640

    8371330

    1242950


    The composition of commodity in India's international trade has been undergoing a change over the years. The share of agricultural products has declined whereas share of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-1998 to 2003-04.


    The decline in traditional items is largely due to the tough international competion. Amongst agricultural products there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses etc. though an increase have been registered in floriculture products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar etc.

    Question 13
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    Name any four major international airports of India.
    Solution

    The airports are: 
    1. Mumbai,
    2. New Delhi,
    3. Chennai,
    4. Kolkata.

    Question 14
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    Mention any four important items which India exports to other countries.
    Solution

    Major export items are:

    1. Manufactured goods, jam and jewellery.

    2. Readymade garments.

    3. Cotton yarns.

    4. Leather and leather products.

    Question 15
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    Name the countries of Africa which India has trade relations.
    Solution

    The trade relations with the African coustries are:

    (a) South Africa, (b) Nigeria (c) Kenya (d) Ivory Coast (c) Tanzania.

    Question 16
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    Which states of India have two major ports?
    Solution

    The states are: West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

    Question 17
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    Which is the principal import commodity of India ?
    Solution

    Petroleum 

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    Question 18
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    Which country is the largest trading partner of India?
    Solution

    USA.

    Question 19
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    Name the major seaport of India developed after independence.
    Solution

    Kandla.

    Question 21
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    Which port has been constructed to reduce congetion of Kolkata port?
    Solution

    Haldia.

    Question 22
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    Which satellite port has been developed to relieve the pressure of the Mumbai port?
    Solution

    Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhavasheva) Port.

    Question 23
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    Name the artificial seaport of India.
    Solution

    Chennai.

    Question 24
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    Differentiate between exports and imports.
    Solution

    Exports

    Imports

    1. A country produces surplus goods and sell these surplus goods to other countries is called exports.


    2. Export is the parameter of progress in the economy of the country.

    3. For example: India earn huge foreign exchange by exporting manufacturing goods like textiles, electronic items and agricultural products etc.

    1. When a country, on the other hand buys goods or services from other countries is called import.

    2. Imports are made to meet the essential requirement of goods and products for consumption and for further investment in production or for exports.

    3. For example : India imports petroleum and petroleum products, semi-precious stones, gold and silver etc.
    Question 25
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    Distinguish between foreign and domestic trade.
    Solution

    Foreign Trade

    Domestic Trade

    When one country import or export goods or machines with another country it is known as foreign trade.

    The commodities are sent within the country is called domestic trade.
    Question 26
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    Describe the major changes that have occurred in the commodity composition of India's imports during the period between 1960–2001 with examples.
    Solution

    India's foreign trade has undergone a great change during last 40 years. These are described below:

    Positive change:

    1. Petroleum and Petroleum Products:

    In 1960-61 petroleum and its products accounted for 6.2% of total imports. This percentage rose to 28.7% in 2002-03. Reasons was price rise in petroleum and its products.

    2. Chemicals and fertilizers : The import of chemicals also rose from 3.5% in 1961 to 6.9% in 2003. The import was necessary for increasing industrial output.

     Negative change :

    (i) Capital goods : Import of machineries, electrical machines, tools and equipments have come down in quantitative terms.

    (ii) Food and allied products : The share in the import of these products has come down from 19.1% in 1960-61 to 4.6% in 2002-03.

    (iii) Clothes and iron and steel : India is no longer imports clothes instead has become a net exporter on a large scale. The same is the story with iron and steel.

    (iv) Raw material : Import of minerals, crude rubber, wood timber, ferrous minerals have also come down. The main reason for this reduction is the increase in the domestic production of these minerals.
    Question 27
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    Mention the two types of international trade.
    Solution
    The two types of international trade are:

    1. Bilateral Trade : It is an exchange of commodities between two countries e.g., trade between India and U.K.

    2. Multinational Trade : This is the exchange of goods and services among a number of countries.
    Question 28
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    Which state of India on the eastern coast has two major Sea ports ? Name them and state any two characteristics of each.
    Solution

    Tamil Nadu on the eastern coast has two major Sea ports:

    (a) Chennai (b) Ennore

    Characteristics
    Chennai Port :

    (a) It is one of the oldest and artificial ports.

    (b) It is ill-suited for large ships because of the shallow waters near the coast.

    Ennore :
    (a) It is a recently developed new port at 25 km. from Chennai.

    (b) It has been developed to reduce the pressure on Chennai port. It is managed by Ennore Port Company Ltd.

    Question 29
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    Differentiate between the major port and minor port with examples.
    Solution

    Major Port

    Minor Port

    1. There are about 12 major ports in India.

    2. They handle international trade.

    3. They handle traffic of ten lakh metric tonnes per year.

    4. They are controlled and managed by port trusts and central government.

    5. These regulate foreign trade at international level.

    6. Example : Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi.

    1. There are over 226 minor ports.

    2. They promotes coastal trade along with fishing.

    3. They handle traffic less than ten lakh metric tonnes every year.

    4. They are controlled and managed by state government.

    5. These manages national or interstate trade and promote fishing.

    6. Example : Porbandar.
    Question 30
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    Define balance of trade. When the balance of trade is called favourable or unfavourable?
    Solution

    The difference between the value of imports and exports of a country is called the balance of trade.
    Balance of trade is said to be favourable or positive when the value of export of a country exceeds the value of its imports. If the value of imports of a country is more than the value of its exports the balance of trade is said to be unfavourable or negative.

    Question 31
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    Describe the salience of the Kolkata port.
    Solution

    Kolkata Port:
    (i) It is located on the Hugli river, 128 km inland from the Bay of Bengal. Like the Mumbai port, this port was also developed by the British.
    (ii) Kolkata had the initial advantage of being the capital of British India. The port has lost its significance considerably on account of the diversion of exports to the other ports such as Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip and its satellite port, Haldia.
    (iii) Kolkata port is also confronted with the problem of silt accumulation in the Hugli river which provides a link to the sea.

    (iv) Its hinterland covers U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim and the north-eastern states.
    (v) Apart from this, it also extends ports facilities to our neighbouring land-locked countries such as Nepal and Bhutan.

    Question 32
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    Write a brief note on Visakhapatnam Port. 
    Solution

    Visakhapatnam Port:
    (i) This port in Andhra Pradesh is a land-locked harbour, connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand.
    (ii) An outer harbour has been developed for handling iron-ore, petroleum and general cargo.
    (iii) Andhra Pradesh is the main hinterland for this port.

    Question 33
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    Describe the three significant port of Tamil Nadu.
    Solution
    The significant Ports of Tamil Nadu are described below:
    (i) Chennai Port is one of the oldest ports on the eastern coast. It is an artificial harbour built in 1859. It is not much suitable for large ships because of the shallow waters near the coast. Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry are its hinterland.

    (ii) Ennore, a newly developed port in Tamil Nadu, has been constructed 25 km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure at Chennai port.

    (iii) Tuticorin Port was also developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port. It deals with a variety of cargo including coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar, chemicals and petroleum products.
    Question 34
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    Describe port Paradwip.
    Solution

    Paradwip Port :
    (i) It is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack.
    (ii) It has the deepest harbour specially suited to handle very large vessels.
    (iii) It has been developed mainly to handle large-scale export of iron-ore. Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland.

    Question 35
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    Why has the Kolkata sea port lost its significance considerably? State the  reasons.
    Solution

    The Kolkata sea-port has lost its significance considerably due to the following reasons :


    (i) The diversion of exports to the Vishakhapatnam and Paradweep sea-ports.

    (ii) It also faces a huge siltation by the Ganga river.

    (iii) It is a tidal port and requires frequent dredging of Hugli for maintaining a minimum level of water to ensure its navigability.
    Question 36
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    Discuss any two Ports of Maharastra. 
    Solution

    The two ports are :

    (i) Mumbai: It is a natural harbour and the biggest port of the country. The port is situated closer to the general routes from the countries of Middle East, Mediterranean countries, North Africa, North America and Europe where the major share of country’s overseas trade is carried out. The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths and has the country’s largest oil terminal. M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P. and parts of Rajasthan constitute the main hinterlands of Mumbai ports.
    (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru Port : This is at Nhava Sheva was developed as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port. It is the largest container port in India.

    Question 37
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    Describe the changes that have taken place in India’s foreign trade after independence.
    Solution

    The changes that have taken place in India’s foreign trade are as described below:


    (i) Volume of trade :The volume of trade has increased many times. In 1951 it was 1250 crore rupees. The industrial development has risen trade to 434444 crores in 2000-01.

    (ii) Change in composition of exports : The export trade has undergone many changes. India used to export tea, jute, leather, iron ore, spices etc. The manufactured goods are now exported such as engineering goods, readymade garments, handicrafts etc.

    (iii) Change in the composition of imports : The ratio of food grains, cotton, jute reduced in import trade but raw petroleum, fertilizers, steel, industrial raw material, machinery, chemicals are mainly imported.
    Question 38
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    State the major sea-ports located at west coasts.
    Solution

    Kandla, Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Marmagao, New Manglore and Kochhi are the major ports located on the west coast.

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    Question 42
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    Which is a new developed port of India?

    • Tuticorin

    • Chennai

    • Kochhi

    • Vishakhapatnam
    Solution

    A.

    Tuticorin

    Question 43
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    How many domestic airports are there in India?

    • 110

    • 112

       

    • 100

    • 95
    Solution

    B.

    112

     

    Question 44
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    The share of petroleum products in India’s imports is:

    • 26%

    • 20%

       

    • 30%

    • 25%
    Solution

    A.

    26%

    Question 46
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    The biggest port of the country.
    Solution

    Mumbai

    Question 47
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    A new machanized port developed off the Mumbai port.
    Solution

    Nhava Sheva

    Question 48
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    The body managing Indian airports.
    Solution

    Airport Authority of India

    Question 49
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    The international airport located at Delhi.
    Solution

    Indira Gandhi International Airport

    Question 50
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    The international airport located at Chennai.
    Solution

    Meenambakkam Airport

    Question 51
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    The riverine port located on Hooghly river.
    Solution

    Kolkata.

    Question 52
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    The ports of India located on the east coast are:
    Solution

    The ports are: 1. Kolkata, 2. Haldia, 3. Vishakhapatnam, 4. Paradip, 5. Chennai, 6. Tuticorin.

    Question 53
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    Name any new two ports of India.
    Solution

    1. Nhavasheva 
    2. Paradip.

    Question 54
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    The cargo handling capacity of Indian ports is:
    Solution

    500 million tonnes.

    Question 55
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    Explain any three reasons for the sharp rise in overseas trade of India, after Independence.
    Solution

    The reasons:

    (i) Transport: With expansions of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and preservation, trade has experienced spatial expansion.

    (ii) Population: Standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported products because with low standard of living only a few people can afford to buy costly imported goods.

    (iii) Ports: The chief gateways of the world of international trade are the harbours and ports. Cargoes and travelers pass from one part of the world to another through these ports.

    Question 56
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    'Despite the setback, caused by the partition, Indian ports continued to grow after the independence.' Support the statement with examples. 
    Solution

    Development of Indian ports:

    (i) Today Indian ports are handling large volume of domestic as well as overseas trade.

    (ii) Most of the ports are equipped with modern infrastructure.

    (iii) Previously the development and modernisation was the responsibility of the government's agencies but now private entrepreneurs have been invited for the modernisation of ports in India.

    (iv) The capacity of Indian ports increased 20 million tonnes in 1951 to more than 500 million tonnes at present.

    (v) Most of the foreign trade is handled by the sea routes. Hence ports continue to develop.

    Question 58
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    Name the first major port of India developed after Independence.
    Solution

    Kandla Port

    Question 59
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    Why ports are called ‘gateways of international trade’? Explain any three reasons.
    Solution

    The reasons:

    (i) The chief gateways of the world of international trade are the harbours and ports.

    (ii) Cargoes and travellers pass from one part of the world to another through these ports.

    (iii) The ports provide facilities of docking, loading, unloading and the storage facilities for cargo.

    Question 60
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    Which major sea port on the eastern coast of India has a land-locked harbour ? 
    Solution

    Vishakhapatnam.

    Question 61
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    Name the two countries which are the largest trading partners of India as per economic survey report of 2011-12. 
    Solution

    According to the economic survey report of 2011–12, UAE and China have been the largest trading partners of India.

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