India People And Economy Chapter 10 Transport And Communication

C.

16

B.

N.H. -7

B.

The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad

D.

1923

Transportation conveys the activities of transportation such as the items for daily consumption are brought from the site of production to the market, which makes them available to the consumer.
The modes of transport are land, water and air transport.

Communication means sending messages from one place to another. Radio, TV, telephone, telegraph etc are the means of communication.

Railway network comprises three gauges:

(i) Broad gauge (1676 mm)

(ii) Metre gauge (1000 mm)

(iii) Narrow gauge (762 mm and 610 mm)

Two national waterways are:

Golden quadrangle:
(i) It is expressway national highways or super ways. It was planned to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country. 

(ii) It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high-density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai Kolkata.
(iii) With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised.

National highways are the wide metalled roads passing through two or more states. Followings are the important national highways in India:

The National Remote Sensing Agency is located at Hyderabad.
NRSA is a pioneer organisation with facilities for data acquisition, processing and product generation.

Pawan Hans.

Air India and Indian Airlines.

New Delhi.

Allahabad–Haldia on Ganga river.

It was Asia’s first cross country pipeline covering a distance of 1157 km for transporting crude oil from Naharkatia to Baurani oil refinery.

Following are the advantages of road transport:

Disadvantages are as mentioned :

The inland waterways are under-utilised in India. Though the water transport is the cheapest means of transport yet it is  under-utilised due to the following reasons: 

The density and quality of roads are better in the plains as compared to roads in high altitudes, rainy and forested areas due to the following reasons :

Satellite is the most powerful medium of communication in the present scenario in India. Advantages are as under:

Characteristics of the Means of Transport:

Characteristics:
(i) These are well-protected ports providing shelter to ships.
(ii) These are connected by roads and railways to the hinterland. Some of the ports are natural ports.
The states are:
(i) Maharashtra
(ii) Tamil Nadu 

The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern boundary of the country.

Allahabad to Haldia 

National Highways.

Northern Railway and Central Railway.

Cities located at both terminals are Allahabad and Haldia.

The airports are:
(i) Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi 
(ii) Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport - Mumbai 

It stretches from Allahabad to Haldia with a length of 1,620 km.

It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.
It is divided into three parts for developmental purposes–
(i) Haldia-Farakka (560 km),
(ii) Farakka-Patna (460 km),
(iii) PatnaAllahabad (600 km)

The water transport is of two types–
(a) inland waterways, and
(b) oceanic waterways.

The three characteristics of State Highway of India are as mentioned below:

There are three categories of Indian Railways on the basis of width of the tracks:

The differences between Transport and Communication as followings: 

Following are the differences between National Highways and State Highways:

The most effective and advanced personal communication system is postal network and telecom. 

Satellite system can be grouped into two types on the basis of configuration and purpose. They are :
1. Indian National Satellite System and
2. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System.

The Indian satellite system is a multipurpose satellite system for telecommunication, metrological observation and data relay, television broadcasting and radio and television programmes distribution.
Indian Remote Sensing satellite system was set up in 1988. It is used for exploration of minerals, groundwater and other natural resources.

A. It is fastest and cheapest means of transport.
B. Because India is a vast country.
C. It is managed by Air India and Indian Airlines.

Radio is the cheapest means of audio communication.
It was started in 1923 by the Radio club of Bombay. In a short span it has gained immence popularity and affected the socio-cultural life of people. In 1930 the government of India started the Indian Broadcasting System renamed it to All India Radio in 1936 and Akashvani in 1957. The radio provides a variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment.

A.

75 km

B.

1923

A.

1997

A.

15 September 1959

B.

33 lakh km

B.

11

A.

 Air India

CPWD (Central Public Works Department),

National Highway Authority of India

National Highway-1 (NH-1),

NH-7 (Varanasi-Kanyakumari)

1960

India

Fourth

1853

Great Northern Plains.

16.

1.676 m.

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.

62759 km.

Srinagar–Kanyakumari.

(i) Nhavasheva (Maharashtra),
(ii) Ennore (Tamil Nadu).

It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high-density traffic corridor to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata . With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time - distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimised.

Mahatma Gandhi said, the Indian railways “brought people of diverse cultures together to contribute to India’s freedom struggle.”

(i)Indian railways network is one of the longest in the world.

(ii)It facilitates the movement of both freight and passengers and contributes to the growth of economy.

(iii)Railway continues to remain the main means of transport for the masses. Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country

(iv)Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.

(v)The length of Indian Railways network is 64460 km. as on 31 March 2011.

Density of roads is length of roads per 100 square km of area.

Haldia Port

Kandla Port

Satellite images can be used for the:

 (i) Weather forecast.

 (ii) Monitoring of natural calamities.

 (iii) Surveillance of border areas.

After Independence, twenty-year road plan (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India.

The reasons:
(i) Nature of terrain and the level of economic development are the main determinants of density of roads.

(ii) Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateau areas.

(iii) Therefore, not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested regions. The density of road is high in most of the northern states and major southern states. It is low in the Himalayan region, northeastern region, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

(26.1)A. Niger
B. Bagladesh
C. Sydney
D. Johaneshberg 
(26.2)
i. Uttar Pradesh 
ii. Madhya Pradesh 
iii. Bhubaneswar

The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as National Highways.

Secunderabad

Characteristics of water transport:

(i) Water transport does not require route construction.

(ii) It is much cheaper because the friction of water is far less than that of land.

(iii) The energy cost of water transportation is lower.

The traffic is far less on the Cape of Good Hope Route because of:

(i) Limited development

(ii) Population in the South America and Africa are limited too.

Density of roads is length of roads per 100 square km of area.
The two main determinants of road density in India:

(i) Nature of terrain.

(ii) The level of economic development.

The density of road is high in most of the northern states and major southern states. It is low in the Himalayan region, north-eastern region, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateau areas. Therefore, not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested regions.

(26.1) 
A. New Zealand 
B. Vancouver 
C. Berlin
D. Rio De Janeiro 
(26.2)

The distribution of roads is not uniform in the country.

i. Density of roads (length of roads per 100 square km of area) varies from only 10.48 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 387.24 km in Kerala with a national average of 75.42 km.

ii. The density of road is high in most of the northern states and major southern states. It is low in the Himalayan region, north-eastern region, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

iii. Nature of terrain and the level of economic development are the main determinants of density of roads.

iv. Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateau areas.

v. Therefore, not only the density but also the quality of roads is relatively better in plains as compared to roads in high altitude areas, rainy and forested regions.

Metalled roads connecting distant places are called highways in the world context which are constructed in a manner for unobstructed vehicular movement.

Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas etc.

The digital divide:

(i) Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe.

(ii) There are wide-ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. How quickly countries can provide ICT access and benefits to its citizens is the deciding factor.

(iii) While developed countries in general, have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide.

(iv) Similarly, digital divides exist within countries.

(v) For example, in a large country like India or Russia, it is inevitable that certain areas like metropolitan centres possess better connectivity and access to the digital world versus peripheral rural areas.

Roads and Railways.

Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir and  Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu.

There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain.

Role of transport:

(i) State Highways are constructed and maintained by state governments. They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.

(ii) District Roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district.

(iii) Indian railways network is one of the longest in the world. It facilitates the movement of both freight and passengers and contributes to the growth of economy.

(iv) Waterways is an important mode of transport for both passenger and cargo traffic in India. It is the cheapest means of transport and is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky material.

(v) Air transport is the fastest means of movement from one place to the other. It has reduced distances by minimising the travel time. It is very essential for a vast country like India, where distances are large and the terrain and climatic conditions are diverse.

The National Highway Authority of India / NHAI.

The Volga is one of the most developed inland water-ways in Russia because:
1. It connects various industrial regions on Russia.
2. It connects various navigable canals.

Difference between a Node and a Link is:
-A Node is the meeting point of two or more routes.
-A Link is a road that joins two nodes.

Products of gathering (an activity) cannot compete in the world market as synthetic products are of better quality and available in large quantities/ and are lower priced.

10.2. 

• It connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
• Constructed across Panama Isthmus between Panama City and Colon.
• It involves deep cutting.
• It has six locks system.
• It has shortened the distance between the East and the West Coast of USA.
• It has also given a boost to the economy of Latin America.

• It is one of the achievements of Indian Railways.
• It is 760 km long.
• It crosses 146 rivers, 2000 bridges approximately and 91 tunnels.
• Asia’s largest tunnel lies in this route.
• It connects Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka.

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the apex body in India to improve the

quality of national highways.

Significance of national highways:

a. Connectivity: They connect major cities, industrial hubs, mines, coalfields, seaports, airports and markets to each other.

b. Faster transport: They provide quicker transport between two places by road.

c. Strategic: They are strategically important in border areas for the movement of defence personnel, vehicles and other materials.

d. Although national highways are about 2% of the total road length, they carry about 40% of total road traffic.

e. They connect people belonging to different regions and bring unity in a diverse country.

Thus, national highways are significant for economic development and unity of the country.