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The Big Trunk Route runs through:
The Mediterranean — Indian Ocean
The North Atlantic Ocean
The South Atlantic Ocean
The North Pacific Ocean
B.
The North Atlantic Ocean
What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions?
What is a trans-continental railway?
Trans-continental railways run across the continents and links its two ends. These railways join the places on the opposite coasts of continents. Trans-Siberian railways and Trans-Canadian railways are two examples.
What are the advantages of water transport in the world?
The advantages:
(i) One of the great advantages of water transportation is that it does not require route construction.
(ii) The oceans are linked with each other and are negotiable with ships of various sizes. All that is needed is to provide port facilities at the two ends.
(iii) It is much cheaper because the friction of water is far less than that of land. The energy cost of water transportation is lower.
Elucidate the statement “In a well managed transport system various modes complement each other.
In a well-managed transport system, various modes complement each other.
(i) Trade or exchange of the commodities in a developing country depend on the various modes of transport. International movement of goods is handled by ocean routes. Road transport is cheaper and faster over short distances and for door to door. The goods are distributed by the roads in the hinterland of the port.
(ii) Railways are also helpful to carry the heavy goods from the port and to the port. Railways are most suited for the large volume of bulk materials over long distances in a country. High-perishable goods are transported by airways.
(iii) A well-managed transport system is a link between production and consumption. The raw materials are carried to the industries and the agricultural inputs are transported to the villages.
(iv) The most outstanding role of the transport network is to integrate the economy of the nations. The roads, railways, airways and waterways all are linked to expand the trade.
(v) These various modes of transport system have to provide complementary services. The transport network will generate growth impulses in backward regions by providing better services for resources utilization.
Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways.
Dense network exists in Eastern U.S.A., Western Europe and Southeast Asia. U.S.A. alone accounts for 60 per cent of the airways of the world. New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt Rome, Moscow, Karachi, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Chicago are the nodal points where air routes converge or radiate to all continents.
What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans?
Mention the three important modes of transport.
The three modes of transport are:
3. Air transport.
Distinguish between transport and communication with example.
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Transport |
Communication |
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1. The transfer of men and goods from one place to another. 2. Examples; Railway, air routes, waterways. 3. Primitive method-bullock-cart etc. 4. They move by petrol, diesel or electric power. |
1. They convey our views and news from one place to another. 2. Examples: Post and telegraph and telephone service. 3. No primitive method – Means of transport were the means of communication. 4. They work by electric waves. |
Why piplelines are used extensively to transport commodities such as mineral oil and natural gas?
Pipelines are used extensively to transport commodities such as mineral oil and natural gas for an uninterrupted flow. Mineral oil is a fluid and natural gas is a gaseous form.
What are highways?
Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places. Such roads are constructed in a manner that vehicle could ply in an unobstructed manner. As such these roads are wide as much 60 meters smoothly dual carriage ways with several traffic lanes, bridges and flyovers embankment are constructed in route to allow uninterrupted traffic flow.
What do you know about the border roads?
What is trans-continental railways?
Railways running across the continents and linking its two both ends are called trans-continental railways.
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State the advantages of road transport.
Advantages of road transport are as under:
What is Big Inch?
It is a famous pipeline of U.S.A. which carries mineral oil from the wells of the Gulf of Mexico to the northeastern part of U.S.A.
Name the regions connected by Pan-American Highway.
It connects the countries of South America, Central America, Canada and the United States of America.
What do you mean by transport?
Transport is a service or facility for the carriage of persons, goods and property from one place to the other using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles.
Such movements take place over land, water and air. Roads and railways form part of land transport; while shipping and waterways and airways are the other modes. Pipelines carry materials like petroleum, natural gas, and ores mixed with water.
Which is the most important riverline inland water way of Russia?
Volga-Don inland water way.
Describe the advantages of air transport with examples.
Air transport is the fastest means of transportation, but it is very costly.
(i) Being fast, it is preferred by passengers for long-distance travel. Valuable cargo can be moved rapidly on a world-wide scale. It is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas.
(ii) Air transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world. The frictions created by mountainous snow fields or inhospitable desert terrains have been overcome. The accessibility has increased.
(iii) The airplane brings varied articles to the Eskimos in Northern Canada unhindered by the frozen ground.
(iv) In the Himalayan region, the routes are often obstructed due to landslides, avalanches or heavy snowfall. At such times, air travel is the only alternative to reach a place.
(v) Airways also have great strategic importance. The air strikes by U.S. and British forces in Iraq bears testimony to this fact.
What is Remote Sensing?
Remote sensing is the science and art of gathering, storing, and extracting of geographic information from great distances where the gatherer makes no physical contact with the target. The process usually covers large areas.
Which is the quickest and cheapest medium of transport for the short distances?
Road Transport.
Which pipeline of India is used for transporting natural gas?
Hazira-Bijapur Jagdishpur gas pipeline (H.B.J.).
Which Oceans are connected by Panama Canal?
The Atlantic Ocean in the east and Pacific Ocean in the west.
Name a Transcontinental Railway of South America.
Trans Andean Railway connecting Valparaiso (Chile) with Buenos Aires (Argentina).
Name a proposed longest pipeline in Asia.
Iran-Pakistan-India Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline.
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Name the terminal stations of the longest railway route in the world.
Petersburg and Vladivostok.
State the significance of river St. Lawrence as an inland waterway.
It connects the interior part of USA with Gulf of Mexico in south.
Describe the economic significance of Trans-Siberian Railway.
The significance:
Fig.: Trans-Siberian Railway
Write a brief note on the Orient Express.
Mention the three major regions of the world having a very dense network of railways
State the advantages and disadvantages of inland water transport.
Mention any four features of Trans-Siberian Railway.
Main features of Trans Siberian Railway:
Define the term highway. Mention the importance of highway by giving three examples from different parts of the world.
Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places. These are constructed in such a way that vehicles could ply in an unobstructed manner.
Importance:
Describe the advantages of oceanic transport.
Mention any five characteristics of rail transport of Europe.
Which is the longest railway line in North America? Describe its salience.
Why is traffic far less on the Cape of Good Hope Route? State reasons.
The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route:
The traffic is far less on this route compared to that of the North Atlantic Route because :
Name the famous oil pipeline of the U.S.A. How are pipelines one of the most convenient modes of transport? Describe.
State any three characteristics of pipeline transportation in the world.
The Characteristics:
1. Pipeline is used to transport mineral oil, gas and water.
2. They can be laid over difficult terrain as well as under the sea.
3. They are energy efficient and environment friendly.
4. They can be maintain the regular supply of the liquid or gas.
Describe any two characteristics of Trans Siberian Railway.
Study the map given below and answer the questions that follow:
I. Name the two seas connected by the canal shown in the map.
II. Name the two ports marked in the map by No. 1 and No. 2.
III. Name the lakes shown by A & B.
I. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea.
II. No. 1 stands for Port Said and No. 2 stands for Suez.
III. Lake Little Bitter at ‘A’ and Lake Great Bitter at ‘B’.
State four main features of Panama Canal.
Main features of Panama Canal:
1. It is one-way traffic.
2. It has lock system.
3. Lesser taxes are charged from the ship passing through this canal.
4. It connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Write a brief note on 'The North Atlantic Sea Route'.
The North Atlantic Sea Route:
(i) This route links North-eastern U.S.A. and North-western Europe, the two most developed regions of the world. These two continents safe surpassed in manufacturing, transportation and communication, trade and finance.
(ii) The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world combined, with the greatest volume between U.K. and U.S.A. One-fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route.
(iii) It is, therefore, the busiest in the world and otherwise, called the Big Trunk Route. Textiles, chemicals, machinery, fertilizers, steel and wine are exported to U.S.A. and Canada; while wheat, wood pulp, copper, transport equipment and machinery moves towards Europe.
Write a short note on 'The South Pacific Sea Route'.
The South Pacific Sea Route:
(i) This sea route connects Western Europe and North America with Australia, New Zealand and the scattered Pacific islands via the Panama Canal.
(ii) This route is also used for reaching Hong Kong, Philippines and Indonesia.
(iii) The distance covered between Panama and Sydney is 12,000 km. Honolulu is an important port on this route.
Distinguish between national highways and state highways.
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National Highways |
State Highways |
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1. They join the state capitals. 2. They have been extended upto border countries such as Nepal, Myanmar and Pakistan. 3. They are under the control of Central or Public Work Department and are managed by Central Government. 4. They cross through states. 5. Total length of national highways in India is about 65,000 kms. |
1. They join nearly every big city. 2. They have been extended to national highways. 3. They are under Public Works Department (PWD) and are managed by State Governments. 4. They are limited to state boundaries only. 5. Total length of state highways in India is about 1,32,000 kms. |
Write a short note on 'The Canadian Pacific Railway'.
The Canadian Pacific Railways:
(i) This 7,050 km long rail line in Canada runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the Pacific Coast passing through Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Calgary.
(ii) It was constructed in 1886, initially as part of an agreement to make British Columbia on the west coast join the Federation of States. Later on, it gained economic significance because it connected the Quebec-Montreal Industrial Region with the wheat belt of the Prairie Region and the Coniferous Forest region in the north.
(iii) Thus each of these regions became complementary to the other. A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay connects this rail-line with one of the important waterways of the world. This line is the economic artery of Canada.
Fig. Trans-Canadian Railway
Write a short notes on Suez Canal.
Write a short note on intercontinental air routes.
Explain pipelines as a system of transportation.
Write a brief note on cyber space - Internet.
State any the three factors on which the development of inland waterways in the world depends.
The factors:
1. The rivers should be flow throughout the year.
2. Rivers should be free of waterfalls.
3. Rivers should not be forzen during winter.
Study the map given below and answer the questions that follow:
A. Name the shipping canal show in the map.
B. Name the northern most and southern most portcities of this canal.
C. Which two centiments have made more use of this canal?
D. Name the country through which this canal passes.
E. Which two seas are connected by this canal?
F. Write two points of importance of this canal.
G. What do the railway lines and fresh water canal indicates about the relief of the region shown in the map?
H. How did relief help in reducing the cost of construction of this shipping canal?
A. Swez Canal
B. Northern most portcity is port said. Sourthern most port city is port Suez
C. Europe and Asia
D. Egypt
E. Red sea and Mediterranean sea
F. (a) It reduces the sea route distance between Europe and Asian countries.
(b) European countries like Britain use the route to obtain raw material from Asian countries. It saves time and fuel.
G. It shows that the relief is desert where this canal passes.
H. It is a sea level canal without locks. The relief does not obstacle in the construction of this canal.
What are the three major types of inland water ways of the world?
The three major types of inland water ways are:
(i) River
(ii) Canals
(iii) Lakes.
Describe the features of Highways of North America.
Following are the features of Highways in North America:
Distinguish between Harbour and Port.
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Harbour |
Port |
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1. |
A harbour is an area of sea providing safe entrance to ships. |
1. |
A port is a point on coast where ships can tie up for anchor. |
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2. |
It protects the ships from waves and storms. |
2. |
Ships load and unload commodities here. |
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3. |
River estuaries and bays provide natural harbours such as Mumbai. |
3. |
Indented coasts provide natural ports. |
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4. |
A harbour provides sufficient room for anchorage of ships. |
4. |
Port is connected with a productive hinter land. |
Trace the development of satellite communication in India.
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Discuss the various usages of the pipelines.
Name the country in which Suez Canal is located. Which are the two terminal ports of this canal?
Suez Canal is located in Egypt. The terminal ports are Suez in South and Port Said in the North.
Mention the features of Panama Canal.
Features of Panama Canal:
(i) This canal connects the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
(ii) It has been constructed across the Panama Isthmus between Panama City and Colon by the U.S. government which purchased 8 km of area on either side and named it the Canal Zone.
(iii) The Canal is about 72 km. long and involves a very deep cutting for a length of 12 km.
(iv) It has a sixlock system and ships cross the different levels (26 m up and down) through these locks before entering the Gulf of Panama.
(v) It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13,000 km by sea.
Name any two countries through which river Rhine flows. Mention two cities between which this river is navigable.
The river Rhine flows through Germany and France.
The cities are: 1. Rotterdom, 2. Dhisburg.
Study the following map and answer the questions given below.
A. Name the railway line shown in this map.
B. In which country this railway line lies?
C. Name the two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line.
A. The Australian Trans-Continental
B. In Australia
C.Sydney and Perth
Which is the eastern terminal of Trans Siberian Railway?
Hanoi
Shanghai
Tokyo
Vladivostok
D.
Vladivostok
Which is the longest trans-continental railway of North America ? Describe its any four features.
The longest trans-continental railway of North America is Trans – Canadian Railway .
Features of Trans-Canadian Railway :
(i)It is 7,000 km long rail-line .
(ii)It runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the pacific.
(iii) It connects Quebec- Montreal Industrial Region with the wheat belt of the Prairie region and the coniferous forest region in the north .
(iv) This line is the economic artery of Canada. Wheat and meat are the important exports on the route.Study the map given below and answer the questions that follow:
(13.1) Name the railway line shown on this map.
(13.2) Name the terminal station of this railway along the Atlantic Coast.
(13.3) Why is this railway line known as 'economic artery' of the country through which it passes?
(13.1) Trans-Canadian Railway
(13.2) Halifax
(13.3) A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) connects this rail-line with one of the important waterways of the world. This line is the economic artery of Canada as wheat and meat are the important exports on this route.
(26.1) In the given political outline Map of the World, four features A, B, C and D have been shown. Identify these features with the help of information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A: An important sea port
B: A terminal station of Australian Trans-Continental Railway
C: An area of subsistence gathering
D: The country with lowest growth rate of population (1995-2000) in Asia.
(26.2) On the given political outline Map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols:
A. The state having highest literacy rate.
B. The leading state in the production of Jute.
C. The northern most international airport.
A: An important Sea port -
B: A terminal station of Australian Trans-Continental Railway - Sydney
C: An area of subsistence gathering. - Southern Chile
D: The country with lowest growth rate of population (1995-2000) in Asia. - Japan
Name the ‘Highway’ which connects the South American countries with Canada.
The Pan -American Highway
Why were all forms of transport referred to as lines of communication?
It helps in connecting one region with another.
Why does quality of roads very greatly between developed and developing countries of the world? Explain any three reasons.
The reasons:
(i) Road construction and maintenance require heavy expenditure.
(ii) In developed countries good quality roads are universal. Provide long-distance links in the form of motorways, autobahns (Germany), and inter– state highways for speedy movement.
(iii) Lorries, of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads, are common. The world’s total motorable road length is only about 15 million km, of which North America accounts for 33 per cent.
Give the significance of river St. Lawrence as an inland waterway.
St. Lawrence seaway serves the most important industrial region of USA and Canada.
Mention the famous oil pipeline of the U.S.A. How are pipeline one of the most convenient mode of transport? Explain any four points.
Big Inch is the famous oil pipeline of the U.S.A.
Pipeline one of the most convenient mode of transport:
(i) Pipelines are used extensively to transport liquids and gases such as water, petroleum and natural gas for an uninterrupted flow.
(ii) Cooking gas or LPG is supplied through pipelines in many parts of the world.
(iii) Pipelines can also be used to transport liquidified coal.
(iv) In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries, and to ports or domestic markets.
“The Suez and the Panama canals are two vital man-made navigation canals which serve as gateways of commerce for both the eastern and western worlds.” In the light of this statement explain the economic significance of these two canals.
Economic Importance of the Suez and the Panama Canals
The Suez Canal:
(i) It has given Europe a new gateway to Indian Ocean and Australia.
(ii) It has shortened the distance thereby saving time and fuel.
(iii) It has become cheaper as compared to Cape of Good Hope route.
(iv) Suez is sea level canal.
The Panama Canal:
(i) This canal has linked Eastern America with Western America.
(ii) It also links Europe with Western America.
(iii) It has shortened distance between Europe and Western America.
(v) There are locks in the canal in spite of it is more economical.
Name the shipping canal that connects Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Describe its any four features.
The shipping canal that connects Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea is Suez Canal.
Features:
(i) It gives Europe a new gateway to the Indian Ocean.
(ii) Reduces direct sea-route distance between Liverpool and Colombo compared to the Cape of Good Hope route.
(iii) It is a sea-level canal without locks
(iv) It is about 160 km long and 11 m to 15 m deep.
How does the ‘Suez Canal’ serve as a gateway of commerce for both the eastern and western worlds? Explain with suitable examples.
The examples:
(i) This canal had been constructed in 1869 in Egypt between Port Said in the north and Port Suez in the south linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
(ii) It gives Europe a new gateway to the Indian Ocean and reduces direct sea-route distance between Liverpool and Colombo compared to the Cape of Good Hope route.
(iii)It is a sea-level canal without locks which is about 160 km and 11 to 15 m deep. About 100 ships travel daily and each ship takes 10-12 hours to cross this canal.
What is transport? How do the factors of demand and routes affect the transport services throughout the world ? Explain with examples.
Transport is a service or facility for the carriage of persons and goods from one place to the other using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles.
(i) It opened up continental interiors for commercial grain farming, mining and manufacturing in U.S.A.
(ii) The world’s total motorable road length is only about 15 million km, of which North America accounts for 33 percent. The highest road density and the highest number of vehicles are registered in this continent compared to western Europe.
(iii) Commuter trains are very popular in U.K., U.S.A, Japan and India. These carry millions of passengers daily to and fro in the city. There are about 13 lakh km of railways open for traffic in the world.
(iv) The significance of rivers as inland waterways for domestic and international transport and trade has been recognised throughout the developed world. Boats and steamers are used as means of transport for cargo and passengers.
In the given political outline map of the world, five features A, B, C, D and E are marked. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on its lines drawn near them :
(A) The country having the lowest population growth rate.
(B) The area of nomadic herding.
(C) The terminal station of trans-continental railway
(D) Mega City
(E) Sea Port
a. Japan
b. Tundra
c. Syndny
d. Tehran
e. Vancouver
Which country of the world has the highest road density ?
The country which has the Highest Road density in world is Japan (327 for every 100 km2 area).
Why is West Asia the least developed in rail facilities ? Explain one reason.
Reasons for Least development in rail facilities in West Asia is there Vast desert area.
Classify means of communication on the basis of scale and quality into two categories. Explain any two characteristics of each category.
Classification of means of communication on the basis of scale and quality :-
i. Personal
ii. Mass
Characteristics :-
i. Personal Communication System :- a. It is the most effective and advanced one and widely used in urban areas.
b. It enables the user to establish direct connect through Email to get access to world of knowledge and information.
c. It is used for e – commerce and carrying out money transaction. d. It is a huge central ware house of data, with detailed information on various items. (Letters, Telephone, Fax, Email, Internet, etc).
ii. Mass Communication System :- a. Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio club of Bombay and changed the socio – cultural life of people.
b. Television broadcasting emerged as the most effective audio visual medium for information and educating masses.
c. Use of satellite and synoptic view of larger area for economic and strategic reasons. (Radio, Television, Cinema, Satellite, News Paper, Magazine and Books, Seminar and Conference, etc).
Explain the importance of ‘communication services’ in the world.
Communication services (CS) are means by which information is transferred from one place to the other. It involves the transmission of words, messages, facts and ideas.
a. Economical: Communication services help obtain information from all markets so the producer can decide on what and how much to produce and where to sell. The same is applicable to buyers also. It boosts international trade.
b. Social: It has brought people from various parts of the world closer to each other. By interacting with one another, people also develop an understanding of each other’s culture. Exchange of values and ideas has taken the world to the next stage of human development.
c. Strategic: Communication services play an essential role in the defence of the country in emergencies like war.
d. Developmental: Communication services help in the exchange of ideas leading to developments in research. They accelerate research and development.
e. Disaster management: These services are very useful in disasters such as earthquakes and storms to give early alerts to people and in coordinating among rescue teams.
Thus, communication services are important for the overall development of mankind.
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