Fundamentals Of Human Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary And Quaternary Activities

B.

Trading

B.

Catching fish

D.

Service

A.

Secondary activities

C.

University teaching

D.

There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.

Retail trading service:
(i) It is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to consumers.
(ii) Most of the retail trading take place in the fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling activity.
(iii) Street peddling handcarts, trucks, door to door, mail order, telephone, automatic vending machines, and internet are examples of non-store retail selling.

The countries emerging centres of medical tourism in the world are:

India: It has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world.
The other countries are Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia.

Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries.
While developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the digital divide.

The significance and growth of the service sector in the modern economic development is discussed below:

(i) Services are usually defined as ‘activities’ which are relatively detached from material production and hence are not directly involved in the processing of physical materials. Thus they stand in contrast to manufacturing, the product of which can be seen in the form of goods.

(ii) Services are an important constituent of modern economic development, which include retailing and sale of goods to the people, education, health and welfare, leisure, recreation and business services. Business services include advertising, recruitment and personal training. Service sector was not given as much attention as was given to the production of goods. But in advanced countries service based development has been very rapid.

(iii) During the development process, a normal course of events take place in most countries over a period of time. There is a transition from dominance of primary sector, to the secondary sector, and in the later stage to the tertiary and quaternary sectors. But Japan and Germany are still able to manufacture successfully for world markets from a home base. Even in such countries the role of manufacturing, employment and also as a proportion of GNP, declines eventually. It is balanced by concomitant rise of the service sector.

(iv) The growing importance of services has now given it an independent status as a productive sector in the economy. Instead of being an accessary to manufacturing or to the people at large it is an exporter. The competitive advantage of some countries such as Switzerland and the U.K., and of some regions or cities is in service provisions.

The significance of transport and communication services:
(i) There is a great importance of transport and communication services. These are called the lifelines of a country. Transport is a service or facility by which persons, goods and property are carried from one place to another. It is an organised industry created to satisfy man's basic need of mobility. People require speedy and efficient transport system in production, distribution and consumption of goods.

(ii) Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages and facts etc. Messages are carried by hand, animals, road, rail and by air. Certain developments such as mobile phone and satellites have made communication independent of transport. The means communication are : Radio, T.V., telephone, mobile, telex etc.

Tertiary activities are related to the service sector. Manpower is an important component of the service sector as most of the tertiary activities are performed by skilled labour, professionally trained experts and consultants.
Tertiary activities include both production and exchange. The production involves the ‘provision’ of services that are ‘consumed’. The output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries.

In post-industrial society people are not engaged in processing of physical raw material directly. They are engaged in tertiary and quaternary activities.

quinary 

Central Business District

Outsourcing means giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is described by the term off shoring, although both off-shoring and outsourcing are used together. Business activities that are outsourced include information technology (IT), human resources, customer support and call centre services and at times also manufacturing and engineering.

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies.

Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.

Characteristics of retail trading:

Characteristics of quaternary activities:

Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced all over. It is of two types— Wholesale and retail trade.
The trade services are intended for profit. All this work take place in towns and cities and are known as trading centres.

Periodic markets:
(i) Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no regular markets and local periodic markets are organised at different temporal intervals.
(ii) These may be weekly, biweekly markets from where people from the surrounding areas meet their temporally accumulated demand.
(iii) These markets are held on specified dates and move from one place to another. The shopkeepers thus, remain busy on all the days while a large area is served by them.

Wholesale trading constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants and supply houses and not through retail stores.

Marketing is the art of selling. 

Outsourcing has resulted in opening up a large number of job opportunities in several countries.
The job opportunities are created in the field of software and information technology. Some of the services are managed from within the firm often at the head office or offices attached to it. This is indexed by the number of major firms that had head offices in the specific cities.

Climate:
(i) Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays. This is one of the main reasons for the importance of tourism in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean lands.
(ii) The Mediterranean climate offers almost consistently higher temperatures, than in other parts of Europe, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall throughout the peak holiday season.
(iii) People taking winter holidays have specific climatic requirements, either higher temperatures than their own homelands, or snow cover suitable for skiing.

Tourism is a highly labour intensive activity of a unique kind in the world.
(i) It provides different types of services according to the needs and desires of the tourists. It is the employment-generating industry. Thousands of people are engaged in this industry.
(ii) It is largest industry in the view of investment in distant countries. It earns good foreign exchange. 2.4.% of the total employed people are engaged in this industry.
(iii) This industry caused the construction of hotels, transport service centres, development of markets etc. About one crore people in Africa are engaged in this industry.

Characteristics of the periodical markets:

(a) Retail trading services: This is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to consumers. Most of the retail trading take place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling activity. Street peddling, handcrafts, truck, door-to-door, mail-order, telephone, automatic vending machines and internet are examples of non-store retail selling.

(b) Wholesale trading services: Wholesale trading constitutes the bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants and supply houses and not through retail stores. Some large stores including chain stores are able to buy directly from the manufacturers. However, most retail stores procure supplies from an intermediary source. Wholesalers often extend credit to retail stores to such an extent that the retailer operates very largely on the wholesaler's capital.

The different type of services are:

Passport, visa, ticket and other necessary papers.

legal service, public relations

Railway, roadways, shipping and airline services and post and telegraph services.

those services that enchance the productivity or the efficiency of other firm's activities.

Paris, Toronto, Los Angeles, Osaka, Hong Kong and Singapore.

command and control centres of the world.

Business Process Outsourcing.

Urban centres.

Retailer

Time distances.

link

Mobile Telephones

Wholesale markets are known as Mandis.

Information Communication Technologies.

Isochrome lines are drawn on a map to join places equal in terms of the time taken to reach them.

Service sector.

Trade, Transport and Communication.

250 million.

40% of GDP.

Infrastructure industries, retail trading, craft industries.

Vacation period.

Mediterraneon coast 

The places are: Ancient towns, archaeological sites, castles, palaces, churches.

When medical treatment is combined with international tourism activity, It is known as medical tourism.

Scope of medical services for overseas patients in India:

(i)About 55,000 patients from U.S.A visited India in 2005 for treatment.

(ii)India has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world.

(iii)World class hospitals located in metropolitan cities of India cater to patients all over the world.

(iv)Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to developing countries like India. 

Quaternary activities center around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge and technical skills.

Unevenly distribution of opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is known as digital divide.

The regions where farmers specialise in vegetables only, the farming is known as truck farming. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming.

Tertiary

(i) Trade and Commerce

(ii) Transport

The components:

(i) Low-order services, such as grocery shops and laundries, are more common and widespread than high-order services or more specialised ones like those of accountants, consultants and physicians.

(ii) Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for them. The gardener, the launderers and the barber do primarily physical labour.

(iii) Teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians and others perform mental labour

(iv) Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining firefighting departments and supplying or supervising education and customer care are among the important services most often supervised or performed by governments or companies.

(v) Personal services are made available to the people to facilitate their work in daily life. The workers migrate from rural areas in search of employment and are unskilled. They are employed in domestic services as housekeepers, cooks, and gardeners.

Tourism is travel undertaken for recreation and other purposes.
Tourist Attractions:
Climate: Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays. This is one of the main reasons for the importance of tourism in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean lands.

Tourism is travel undertaken for purpose of recreation rather than business.

Tourist attractions in the world:

(i) Climate - Most people from colder regions expect to have warm, sunny weather for beach holidays. This is one of the main reasons for the importance of tourism in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean lands. The Mediterranean climate offers almost consistently higher temperatures, than in other parts of Europe, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall throughout the peak holiday season.

(ii) Landscape -Many people like to spend their holidays in an attractive environment, which often means mountains, lakes, spectacular sea coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man.

(iii) History and art - The history and art of an area have potential attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.

(iv) Culture and economy -These attract tourists with a penchant for experiencing ethnic and local customs. Besides, if a region provides for the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular.