Fundamentals Of Human Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities

B.

Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.

A.

Capitalist

C.

Basic industries

D.

Iron and steel industry    ... Pittsburg

High-tech industry:
(i) High-tech or high technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts to the manufacture of products of an advanced and engineering character.
(ii) White collar (professional) workers make up a large share of the total workforce. The example of hightech industries are Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes and development of pharmaceutical products.
(iii) Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies.

Footloose industries:

(i) Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise.

(ii) They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.

(iii) They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries.

Changes in the modern industrial activities and its spatial distribution can be understood better in the context of the development process as observed by W. Alonso as he talked of Five Bell Shapes in development. Several features move in the same direction during the period of development process. These features are:

(i)     The economic growth rate.

(ii)    The level of spatial inequality.

(iii)   The level of regional inequality.

(iv)    The level of geographical concentration.

(v)    The population growth.

These are inter connected. The structure and form of industries changes with the progress of economy and scientific and technological advancements. For example the textile industry in U.K. witnessed constant growth up to first half of 20th century. The industry declined with the shift of whole textile industry to less developed countries like India where labour costs were low.

The developed countries like Germany, U.S.A. and France setting up industries with sophisticated parts and the labour intensive units with low technology are being shifted towards the less developed nations. For example in earlier days Germany developed iron and steel industry by importing iron from Brazil. Now Brazil might make steel and Germany would import steel and work these into engineering products such as cars, computers etc.

In other change is noticed in terms of large factories giving way to smaller units dispersed over large areas and employing several thousands of people.

Such places offer a number of advantages over inner city locations. These advantages are:

1.    Space for single-story factories and future expansion.

2.    Cheaper land values on edge-of-city.

3.    Accessibility to main roads and motor ways.

4.    Pleasant environment (often located on a greenfield site).

5.    Labour supply from nearby residential areas and commuter villages.

Industries which are involved in making more valuable and useful goods from the products of primary activites such as agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining are called secondary activities. Manufacturing of cloth from cotton; sugar from sugarcane etc. are the examples of secondary activities.

They are called secondary activities because they process and manufacture the primary products into secondary products, thus they represents the secondary stage of activities.

Industries are classified on the following basis:

Basic industries are those industries which produce goods used by other industries as raw materials. The products of iron and steel industry are used as raw materials in manufacturing machines and tools, which in turn are used in other industries.
Thus iron and steel industry is a basic industry.

The Petro chemical complexes in U.S.A. are located on the coast due to the following resaons:

Modern manufacturing is characterised by:

(i) a complex machine technology
(ii) extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs
(iii) vast capital
(iv) large organisations
(v) executive bureaucracy.

Ruhr Coalfield, Germany:
(i) This has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe for a long time. Coal and iron and steel formed the basis of the economy, but as the demand for coal declined, the industry started shrinking.
(ii) Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterways to the Ruhr.

(iii) The Ruhr region is responsible for 80 percent of Germany’s total steel production.
(iv) Changes in the industrial structure have led to the decay of some areas, and there are problems of industrial waste and pollution.
(v) The future prosperity of the Ruhr is based less on the products of coal and steel, for which it was initially famous, and more on the new industries like he huge Opel Car assembly plant, new chemical plants, universities.

High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies.
The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of technopolies.

The industries classified on the basis of their size are:

(i) Ferrous industry: Iron and steel industry.

(ii) Non-ferrous industry: Aluminium industry.

Automabile industry.

Mechanisation:
(i) It refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks.
(ii) Automation (without an aid of human thinking during the manufacturing process) is the advanced stage of mechanisation.
(iii) Automatic factories with feedback and closed loop computer control systems where machines are developed to ‘think’, have sprung up all over the world.

The classification of industries on the basis of ownership :

Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution.

‘Market’ means people who have a demand for these goods and also have the purchasing power (ability to purchase) to be able to purchase from the sellers at a place.

Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.

This type of manufacturing uses:
(i) local raw material,
(ii) simple power-driven machines and
(iii) semi-skilled labour.

Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products.

(i) Cotton in the ball has limited use but after it is transformed into yarn becomes more valuable and can be used for making clothes.
(ii) Iron ore cannot be used directly from the mines but after being converted into steel it gets its value and can be used for making many valuable machines and tools etc.

Characteristics:

Followings are the significance of manufacturing industries:

Characteristics of modern large-scale industry:

Technological innovations are an important aspect of modem industries for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution.
Hightech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing activities to improve the quality of goods. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts to the manufacture of products of an advanced and engineering character.

The features of handloom industry are as under:

Agro-processing involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for rural and urban markets.

Major agro-processing industries are food processing, sugar, pickles, fruits juices, beverages (tea, coffee and cocoa), spices and oils fats and textiles (cotton, jute, silk), rubber, etc.

A.

Large quantity of labourers

B.

Steel industry

A.

Natural gas

C.

Shopkeeper

A.

Aluminium

A.

Maruti Udyog

B.

chemical based

D.

Energy

A.

Pittsburg

C.

Near San Francisco

B.

Germany

Surat.

Great Lake region.

Craft.

The factory-made goods used by students and the staff are as under:

Clothes, shoes, paper, table, chair, soap and other goods.

Bio-degradable: Those things which can be degraded in due time. Such as woods, earthen pots, farm wastes etc..

Three characteristics of Foot Loose Industries:

(i) Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places.

(ii) They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight loosing or otherwise.

(iii) They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained from anywhere.

It is the smallest manufacturing unit. The artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes with the help of their family members or part-time labour.

High technology, or simply high-tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities.

(i) It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development (R &D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.

(ii) Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.

(iii) Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape.

(iv) High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies.

(v) The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of technopolies.

Large scale Industries choose different locations because these industries maximize profits by reducing costs. Therefore, industries choose to be located at points where production cost is lowest and benefits/profit is maximum.
Factors which influence the location of industries are:

1. Access to Market: Industries are located where there is a good market for the sale of their goods/products. The term ‘Market’ refers to an area where people who have a demand for goods and also have the ability to purchase, purchases goods from the sellers. The developed regions of Europe, North America, Japan and Australia provide large global markets as the purchasing power of the people is very high. The densely populated regions of South and South-east Asia also provide large markets. Other industries such as aircraft industries or arms industries also have a global market.
2. Access to Raw Material: Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar, and cement industries. Perishability is also a vital factor for the industry to be located closer to the source of the raw material therefore agro-processing and dairy products are located close to the raw material source like farms.
3. Access to Sources of Energy: Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminium industry. Earlier coal was the main source of energy, today hydroelectricity and petroleum are also important sources of energy for many industries.
4. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities: Quick and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries. The cost of transport is also an important factor in the location of industrial units. Western Europe and eastern North America have a highly developed transport system which has always induced the concentration of industries in these areas. Communication is also an important need for industries for the exchange and management of information.
5. Access to Labour Supply: Labour supply is an important factor in the location of industries. Some types of manufacturing industries still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industry upon the labours.

Tips: -

two groups of factors which Profitability of mining depends on:-

i. Physical factors

ii. Economic factors

Classification of minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties -:

 i. Metallic

ii. Non – metallic

The ‘New Ruhr’ landscape emerged because of the establishment of

a. New industries such as automobile and chemical industries.

b. Educational campuses of universities.