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Fundamentals Of Human Geography Chapter 4 Human Development

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    NCERT Solution For Class 12 Geography Fundamentals Of Human Geography

    Human Development Here is the CBSE Geography Chapter 4 for Class 12 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Human Development Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Human Development Chapter 4 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 12 Geography.

    Question 1
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    Which one of the following best describes development?

    • An increase in size

    • A constant in size

    • A positive change in quality

    • A simple change in the quality
    Solution

    C.

    A positive change in quality

    Question 4
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    What are the three basic areas of human development?
    Solution

    The three basic areas of human development are following:

    (i) Access to resources

    (ii) Health

    (iii) Education

    Question 5
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    Name the four main components of human development.
    Solution

    The four main components of human development are following:

    (i)Equity

    (ii)Sustainability

    (iii)Productivity

    (iv)Empowerment

    Question 6
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    How are the countries classified on the basis of human development index?
    Solution

    Countries are classified into three groups on the basis of scores earned by them on the human development index . These are:


    (i)High Human Development Countries: Countries who have a score of over 0.8 are under this group. According to the Human Development Report of 2005, this group includes 57 countries.

    (ii)Medium Human Development Countries: Those countries who have the score between 0.5 upto 0.799 are under this group. There are 88 countries in this group.

    (iii)Low Human Development Countries: The countries having the score below 0.5 are under this group. These are 32 countries.
    Question 7
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    What do you understand by the term human development?
    Solution
    Human development:

    (i)The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq. Dr Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.

    (ii)People are central to all development under this concept. These choices are not fixed but keep on changing. The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.

    (iii)A meaningful life is not just a long one. It must be a life with some purpose. This means that people must be healthy, be able to develop their talents, participate in society and be free to achieve their goals.
    Question 8
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    What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?
    Solution

    Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste.

    Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future.

    Question 9
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    Describe empowerment as the fouth pillar of development.
    Solution

    Empowerment:
    (i)Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability.
    (ii)Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people.
    (iii)The empowerment of socially and economically disadvantaged groups is of special importance.

    Question 10
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    Describe income approach of measuring Human Development.
    Solution

    Income approach:
    (i)This is one of the oldest approaches to human development. Human development is seen as being linked to income.
    (ii)The idea is that the level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys.
    (iii)Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.

    Question 11
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    What are the most important aspects of human development?
    Solution

    The most important aspects of human development are:

    (i) Leading a long and healthy life.

    (ii) Being to able to gain knowledge.

    (iii) Having enough means to be able to live a decent life.

    Question 12
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    Discuss the concept of productivity as the pillars of human development.
    Solution
    Productivity:
    (i)It means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work.
    (ii)Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth of nations.
    (iii)Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities ultimately leads to better work efficiency
    Question 13
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    Which country has the highest human development index?
    Solution

    Norway.

    Question 14
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    Explain the concept of Gross National Happiness(GNH) with regard to Bhutan.
    Solution
    Gross National Happiness(GNH):
    (i)Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the Gross National Happiness (GNH) as the measure of the country’s progress.
    (ii)Material progress and technological developments are approached more cautiously taking into consideration the possible harm they might bring to the environment or the other aspects of cultural and spiritual life of the Bhutanese.
    (iii)This simply means material progress cannot come at the cost of happiness. GNH encourages us to think of the spiritual, non-material and qualitative aspects of development.
    Question 15
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    State the reasons for countries have high and low level of human development. 
    Solution
    The reasons are stated below:
    (i)Countries with high levels of human development invest more in the social sectors and are generally free from political turmoil and instability. Distribution of the country’s resources is also far more equitable.
    (ii)On the other hand, places with low levels of human development tend to spend more on defence rather than social sectors. This shows that these countries tend to be located in areas of political instability and have not been able to initiate accelerated economic development.
    Question 16
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    Distinguish between Growth and Development with an example.
    Solution

    Growth

    Development

    (i)Growth is quantitative and value neutral.

    (i)Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive.

    (ii)It may have positive or negative sign.

    (ii)It means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions.

    (iii)This means that the change may be either positive or negative.

    (iii)Development occurs when positive growth take place. It occurs when there is a positive change in quality.

    Example: If the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if the facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same then this growth has not been accompanied by development.

    Question 17
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    “Development is a qualitative change, which is always value positive.” Discuss this statement.
    Solution
    Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive:
    (i)This means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions.
    (ii)Development occurs when positive growth takes place. Yet, positive growth does not always lead to development.
    (iii)Development occurs when there is a positive change in quality

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    Question 18
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    Describe Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq's concept of human development.
    Solution
    The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq.
    (i)Dr Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
    (ii)People are central to all development under this concept. These choices are not fixed but keep on changing.
    (iii)The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
    Question 19
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    Explain Welfare approach to Human Development.

     
    Solution
    Welfare approach:
    (i)This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
    (ii)The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social secondary and amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients.
    (iii)The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on welfare.
    Question 20
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    Name two important indices used by the UNDP to measure human development.
    Solution
    The Human Development index and the Human Poverty index are two important indices to measure human development used by the UNDP.
    Question 21
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    What do you understand by human poverty index? Elaborate.
    Solution
    Human Poverty Index:
    (i)The human poverty index is related to the human development index. This index measures the shortfall in human development.
    (ii)It is a non-income measure. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult illiteracy rate, the number of people who do not have access to clean water, and the number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account to show the shortfall in human development in any region.
    (iii)Often the human poverty index is more revealing than the human development index.
    Question 24
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    What is the score of high development index?

    • above 0.6

    • above 0.7

    • above 0.8

    • above 0.9
    Solution

    C.

    above 0.8

    Question 25
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    Where does India rank in world in Human Development Index?

    • 107

    • 117

    • 126

    • 137
    Solution

    C.

    126

    Question 27
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    When was human development index created?

    • 1980

    • 1985

    • 1990

    • 1955
    Solution

    C.

    1990

    Question 29
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    Name the two South-Asian economists, who have worked together on ‘Human Development Report’.
    Solution

    Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof Amartya Sen.

    Question 30
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    Explain the key areas of human development. 
    Solution

    The key areas are –

    (i) Access to resources

    (ii) Health

    (iii) Education

    For example, an uneducated child cannot make the choice to be a doctor because her choice has got limited by her lack of education. Similarly, very often poor people cannot choose to take medical treatment for disease because their choice is limited by their lack of resources.

    Question 31
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    ‘‘The size of a territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development.’’ Support the statement with examples.
    Solution

    The size of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development :- Often Smaller Countries have done better than larger ones in human development. Similarly, relatively poorer nations have been ranked higher than richer neighbours in terms of human development.

    For example Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago have a higher rank than India in the human development index despite having smaller economies. Similarly, within India, Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat in human development despite having lower per capita income.

    Question 32
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    Define the concept of human development. 
    Solution

    Human development is the process which includes

    a. Improving the standard of living.

    b. Increasing the freedom of choices available to people.

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