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What do you understand by population composition?
Population composition:
(i)Population composition refers to those characteristics of population which are measurable and which help us distinguish one group of people from the other.
(ii)Age, sex, literacy, occupation are some of the important components which reflect the composition of population.
(iii)These components in different societies have different proportions. They also affect the life of all the people in a society and help in setting future agenda for development.
What is the significance of age structure?
How is the sex ratio measured?
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called sex ratio.
It is calculated using the formula in some countries:
But in India it is worked out using the formula :
or the number of females per thousand males.
Describe the rural-urban composition of the population.
Discuss the factors responsible for imbalances in the sex-age found in different parts of the world and occupational structure.
The factors responsible for the imbalance in the sex ratio in different parts of the world are discussed below:
Which population characteristics are revealed by an age-sex pyramid having a regularly tapering pyramid?
It shows that a large proportion of population is in lower age-group indicating high birth rate and high death rate in old age-group. It also shows expanding population.
What is sex ratio?
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the Sex Ratio.
Tips: -
Which problems discourage women to migrate from rural areas to urban areas?
Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.
Write a note on Ageing population.
What does literacy rate denote?
Classify the population of the world into two groups on the basis of place of residence.
On the basis of residence the world population can be classified into two groups:
(i)Rural population
(ii)Urban population
Why proportion of literate population of a country in an indicator of its socio-economic development?
Differentiate between rural population and urban population.
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Rural Population |
Urban Population |
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(i)Rural population is mostly engaged in agriculture and other primary occupations. (ii)Share of the rural population is 55% often whole population of the world. (iii)Population growth is lower in rural population in comparison to cities. (iv)Rural life is slow and social relations are informal and homely. (v)Rural population has no problem of housing and transportation |
(i)Urban population is engage in secondary and tertiary occupations. (ii)Share of urban population is 45% in the world population. (iii)Population growth is higher due to in migration. (iv)City life is fast and social relations are formal. (v)Urban population faces problems of housing, health and drinking water. |
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Explain the occupational structure of population.
Which areas has sex ratio unfavourabale to women and why?
The areas and reasons are mentioned below:
(i)In regions where gender discrimination is rampant, the sex ratio is bound to be unfavourable to women.
(ii)Such areas are those where the practice of female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are prevalent.
(iii)One of the reasons could be lower socio-economic status of women in these areas.
What is a population pyramid and what does it shape reflect?
Population composition is also called:
Sex composition
Age structure
Demographic structure
Literacy rate structure
C.
Demographic structure
In European countries deficit of males is due to __________.
low birth rate
high death rate
better status of women
better status of man
C.
better status of women
Aging population has an age more than _______.
40 years
45 years
50 years
60 years
D.
60 years
Which type of age-sex pyramid is of Australia?
expanding
constant
declining
negative
B.
constant
Which countries have a lower sex ratio?
The countries are China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
What is age structure?
Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups.
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What is sex ratio ? Explain the world pattern of sex ratio with suitable examples.
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called Sex Ratio.
World pattern of sex ratio :
(i)The world population reflects a sex ratio of 102 males per 100 females. The world pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variations in the developed regions of the world.
(ii) The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia where there are 85 males per 100 females. In contrast, in Qatar there are 311 males per 100 females.
(iii) The sex ratio is favorable for females in 139 countries of the world and unfavorable for them in the remaining 72 countries listed by the United Nations.
(iv) In general, Asia has a low sex ratio. Countries like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan have a lower sex ratio. On the other extreme is greater part of Europe (including Russia) where males are in minority.Explain the three components of population change in the world. Analyse the impacts of population change.
The three components of population change are:
(i) Births
(ii) Deaths
(iii) Migration
The impacts of population change:
(i) Population growth beyond a certain level leads to problems. Of these the depletion of resources is the most serious.
(ii) Population decline is also a matter of concern. It indicates that resources that had supported a population earlier are now insufficient to maintain the population.
(iii) The deadly HIV/AIDS epidemics in Africa and some parts of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Asia have pushed up death rates and reduced average life expectancy. This has slowed down population growth.
'The decades 1921-51 are referred to as the period of steady growth of population whereas the decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.' Explain giving reasons.
Explanations:
(i) The period from 1901-1921 is referred to as a period of stagnant or stationary phase of growth of India’s population, since in this period growth rate was very low, even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921. Both the birth rate and death rate were high keeping the rate of increase low. Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people at large and inefficient distribution system of food and other basic necessities were largely responsible for a high birth and death rates in this period.
(ii) The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India, which was caused by a rapid fall in the mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population in the country. The average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 per cent. It is in this period, after the Independence, that developmental activities were introduced through a centralized planning process and economy started showing up ensuring the improvement of living condition of people at large. Consequently, there was a high natural increase and higher growth rate. Besides, increased international migration bringing in Tibetans, Bangladeshis, Nepalese and even people from Pakistan contributed to the high growth rate.
Name the countries having the highest and the lowest sex ratio in the world.
Latvia and Qatar
Define the term 'sex ratio'.
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the Sex- Ratio.
Who is an empowered worker?
Empowered worker is one who emphasizes quality of life and believes in creativity and individual values.
Why is the age structure considered an important indicator of population composition ? Give one reason.
It represents the number of different age- groups.
How is migration a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over a space ? Explain the economic consequences of migration in India.
Migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space :-
i. People move from place of low opportunity and low safety. This, in turn, creates both benefits and problems for the areas, people migrate from and migrate to.
ii. Consequences can be observed in economic, social, cultural, political and demographic terms.
Economic Consequences :-
i. A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants.
ii. Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.
iii. In 2002, India received US $ 11 billion as remittances from international migrants.
iv. Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu receive very significant amount from their international migrants.
v. The amount of remittances sent by the internal migrants is very meager as compared to international migrants.
vi. Internal Migrants play an important role in the growth of economy of the source area.
Name the country where sex ratio is most unfavourable to women in the world.
In the UAE, the sex ratio (about 468 females per 1000 males) is the most
unfavourable to women in the world.
Study the table given below and answer the questions that follow
9.1) Name the two continents which have shown the highest growth rate of million cities from 1950 to 2000.
9.2) What could have been the reason for such a growth of million cities?
9.3) Give the meaning of a ‘million city’.
9.1) Africa and Asia are two continents which have shown the highest growth rate of million cities from 1950.
9.2) Many countries in these two continents (Africa and Asia) started developing after 1950. People began to migrate to newly developing urban areas because of the following reasons:
a. The rapid growth of industries and the service sector created many new opportunities of employment.
b. Better health, education, infrastructure available in cities and the effect of agglomeration and conurbation resulted in the expansion of cities.
9.3) A city with a population of more than 1 million (10 lakh) is known as a ‘million city’.
Explain any three ‘push’ and any two ‘pull’ factors that influence the migration of population in the world.
A. Push factors influencing migration:
a. Unemployment: Because of high population pressure on agricultural land and closing down of industries, people are rendered unemployed. In such cases, people migrate to other places to seek employment.
b. Natural disasters: Because of natural disasters such as flood, draught and earthquake, shelters are destroyed and agricultural production and other sources of income suffer. These factors force people to migrate to safer places.
c. Political unrest: Political turmoil or situations like civil war make the surroundings insecure. Therefore, people move to safe places. Example: People migrating from Syria to European countries
B. Pull factors:
a. Better employment opportunities: Industrialised and developed areas are able to provide better job opportunities and higher wages to people. These make these places more attractive and cause migration.
b. Better health and education facilities: Urban or developed areas have better healthcare, education and other facilities which attract people. For example, people migrate from less developed towns to Mumbai and Delhi in search of better educational and health facilities.
Describe any five characteristics of plantation agriculture in the world.
Characteristics of plantation agriculture:
a. Large estates: They have very large areas spread over thousands of acres owned by private firms or corporations. Example: Tea estates owned by the Tata group
b. Cheap labour and professional management: To make maximum profit, owners go for cheap labour. Example: Africans working on cotton plantations in USA.
c. Management of plantation is handled by professionals and they work like a commercial entity.
d. Use of technology and large capital investment: In plantations, modern technology is used to carry out various processes. These processes are highly mechanised. It requires large capital.
e. Single crop: Only a single crop is grown in plantations. For example, tea plantation has only tea plants and rubber plantation has only rubber trees.
f. Good transport facilities: Good transport facilities are essential as they link plantations to processing industries and markets.
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