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With reference to which classification has the statement 'Ranitidine is an antacid' been given.
Why do we require artificial sweetening agents?
A large number of people are suffering from diseases such as diabetes and obesity. These people cannot take normal sugar such as sucrose as it is harmful for them. Therefore, artificial sweeting agents that do not add to the calorie in take of a person are required. For example Aspartame, Alitame, etc. are artifical sweeting agents.
Following type of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifying agents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic parts in the molecule. Identify the functional group(s) present in the molecule.
Functional groups present in the molecule are:
i) Ether
ii) Primary alcoholic group.
Define the term chemotherapy?
What is drug?
Name the macro-molecules that are chosen as drug targets.
Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors?
A medicine can bind to more than one receptors site. Thus, a medicine may be toxic for some receptors sites. Further, in most cases, medicines cause harmful effects when taken in higher doses than recommended. As a result, medicines may be poisonous in such cases. Hence, medicines should not be taken without consulting.
Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
What are the main constitutents of dettol?
What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
What are food preservatives?
Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweet for a diabetic patient.
Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors?
Medicines generally have side effects that people may not know, but doctors would know them. Thus, doctor can suggest you what precautions people should take to avoid these side effects. Also, they may be give some other medicines that will help to reduce the adverse effect of the medicine. Therefore, any medicines whether natural or allopathic, should be taken only after consulting with the doctors.
Explain why sweetener is predicted to become great commercial success.
Artificial sweetening agents are chemicals that sweeten food. However, unlike natural sweeteners, they do not add calories to our body. They do not harm the human body. Hence, it become great commercial success. Some artificial sweeteners are aspartame, saccharin, sucrolose, and alitame.
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If water contains dissolved calcium bicarbonate, out of soaps and synthetic detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes?
Calcium hydrogen carbonate present in water will furnish Ca2+ ions which cause hardness in water.
calcium ion form insoluble calcium soaps respectively when sodium potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.
2C17H35COONa --> 2NaCl + (C17H35COO)2Ca
Soap insoluble calcium stearate
Therefore, soaps cannot be used to clean clothes with such water.
Give names of two substances which are used to bring down the body temperature.
Name the chemical responsible for the antiseptic properties of dettol.
Write the names of two narcotics which are used as analgesics.
What is bithional and what is it used for?
What are hypnotics? Give an example.
Tranquilizers namely chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate, are relativley mild tranquilizers suitable for relieving tension.
Is Penicillin a broad specturm antibiotic? Name two semi-synthetic modification of penicillin.
While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the functions of histamines, why do these not interfere with the function of each other?
Specific drugs affect particular receptors. Antacids and anti-allergic drugs work on different, receptors. This is the reason why antacid and anti-allergic drugs do not interfere with each other’s functions, but interfere with the functions of histamines.
What is Aspartame?
Give one important use of Mepro-bamate.
Why is bithional added to soaps?
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What is the use of hydrogen peroxide in pharmacy?
What is Mifepristone? Give its medicinal effect.
Give any two examples of antihistamines.
Name the antibiotic which:
(i) inhibit the growth of the organism.
(ii) kills the organism.
What medicinal effect does the drugs omeprazole and lansoprozole have on the human beings?
Write the name of the medicine used for the treatment of each of the following diseases:
(i) Tuberculosis,
(ii) Pneumonia
What does BHT and BHA stands for chemical used in food industry?
BHT—Butylated hydroxy toluene.
BHA—Butylated hydroxy anisole.
Why is BHA added to butter?
Which two substances are mainly used as anti-oxidants in wine, sugar syrup?
Why aspartame has a limited use?
Name the most common food preserative. Why is it added to food?
Give one advantage of detergents over soap.
How does the hard water affect the cleaning action of detergents?
Give one example of a cationic detergents. Write its structure also.
Give one example each for bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics.
Bactericidal—Penicilline or Ofloxacin.
Bacteriostatic—Chloramphenicol or tetracycline.
What do you mean by the spectrum of antibiotic?
What is the parent compound of sulpha drugs?
What do you mean by hypnotic drug?
The drug which has sedative as well as sleep inducing effects, is known as hypnotic drug. Example: Chloretine.
What do you mean by anti depressants?
Give two uses of dettol.
(i)Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug.
(ii) Morphine is an analgesic and narcotic drug.
(iii) Lysergic acid diethylamide (L.S.D) known as a psychedelic drug.
What do you mean by food preservation?
What does sodium benzoate actually do when it is mixed with fruit juices or squash?
Name one acid preservative used to preserve the food.
Why does 70% sugar syrup act as a preservative?
Name one chemical which preserves colourless fruit juices.
What is the name given to medicines used for getting relief from pain?
Why is paracetamol preferred to aspirin?
Name one estrogen which forms a part of an oral contraceptive.
Give the structure of an alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent.
Structure of an alkyl benzene sulphonate.
What is the difference between a preservative and an antioxidant?
What is an alkaloid? Give one example of drug which belongs to alkaloid group.
Alkaloid is organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and usually oxygen that are derived from plants.
Example: Quinine is anti-matarial drug.
Name a drug used in case of mental depression.
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Why one should not take aspirin on empty-stomach?
What kind of medicines are given to patients of shattered confidence?
We need to classify drugs in different ways because different drugs are effective against the particular micro-organism responsible for the disease. Drugs can be classified in the following ways:
(i) on the basis of pharmacological effect.
(ii) On the basis of action on a particular biochemical process.
(iii) On the basis of chemical structure.
(iv) On the basis of molecular targets.
Explain the term target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemsitry.
Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzyme.
Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van dar Waals interactions or dipole-dipole interaction are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes and receptors.
For example, if amino acid serine is present nearby the substrate held on active site, then its -OH group is free to act as a nucleophile in the enzyme catalysed reaction.
Amino acid serine, aspartic acid and phenylalanine are present on the active site of an enzyme. Explain which forces may be involved in bonding the drug to the enzyme if the drug inhibits the holding of the substrate on the active site of the enzyme.
With the help of examples, explain how do following type of drugs functions?
(i) Analgesics
(ii) Antacids
(iii) Antifertility drugs
Analgesics reduce pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system.
These are classified as follows:
i) Non-narcotic analgesis
ii)narcotic drugs
(ii) Antacids: They are the chemical substances which can reduce or neutralise the acidity. The function of the antacids is to neutralise the acidity and raise the pH level. They may also act as buffers i.e., they may now allow the pH level to fall when extra acids are released. The commonly used antacids contain magnesium salts (magnesium trisilicate) and aluminium salts (aluminium hydroxide and aluminium silicate).
(iii) Antifertility drugs: The anti-fertility drugs are mostly hormonal contraceptives. The mechanism of action of a combined oral pill is to prevent the release of the ovum from the ovary. This is achieved by blocking the pituitary secretion of gonadotropin hormone which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.
Progestogen-only preparations render the cervical mucus thick and scanty and thereby inhibit sperm pentetration. They also inhibit tubal motility and delay the transport which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.
Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem? Name two drugs.
The level of noradrenaline is low for some reason, then the signal -sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from depression. In such situations antidepressant drugs are required. These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. Iproniazid and phenelzine are two such drugs.
Antiseptics and disinfectants are effective against micro-organism. Antiseptics are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms without affecting the living human tissues. Disinfectants also kill the micro-organism and also affect the living human tissues. Examples of:
(i) antiseptic: Dettol, iodoform
(ii) disinfectants: Chlorine, potassium permanganate.
Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogencarbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide?
Antacids such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminium hydroxide work by neutralizing the excess hydrochloric acid present in the stomach. However, the root cause for the release of excess acid remains untreated.
Cemetidine and ranitidine are better antacids because they prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall. This results in release of lesser amount of acid. This helps in quick healing of ulcers.Can aspartame be used as artifical sweetner by all people. Explain.
What are artificial sweetening agents? Give two examples.
Alitame is high-potency sweetener, although it is more stable than aspartame, the control of sweeteners of food is difficult while using it.
Synthetic detergents can be used for washing purposes even when the water is hard, whereas soaps are not suitable for washing with hard water. This is because of the fact that synthetic detergents can lather with hard water. This is because of the fact that synthetic detergents can lather well even in hard water because they do not form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts on reacting with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water. Soap, however, forms insoluble calcium and magnesium salts with hard water which reduces its cleansing ability.
Hence, Synthetic detergents better than soaps.
It is called anionic detergent because large part of the molecule is anion. The single anionic detergent is in largest use today in household detergents is alkyl-benze-sulphonate.
They are effective in acidic solutions whereas soap are not effective due to formation of insoluble fatty acids.
(iii) Non-ionic detergents: Some of the detergents are non-ionic, like the esters of high molecular mass formed by reactions between polyethylene glycol and stearic acid.
What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? Give one example of each.
Biodegradable detergents are detergents with straight hydrocarbon chain. These detergents can be destroyed by bacteria.For example Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate.
Non-biodegradable detergents are detergents with branched hydrocarbon chain. These detergents cannot be destroyed by bacteria. Non-biodegradable detergents are the source of pollutions. For examples: Cetyl methyl ammonium bromide.
Why do soaps not work in hard water?
Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water?
Soap does not lather with hard water easily because it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form insoluble calcium and magnesium salts.
2C17H35COONa +CaCl2 --> 2NaCl +(C17H35COO)2Ca
soap calcium in water insoluble calcium scum
On the other hand, synthetic detergents give lather with hard water as well as soft water.
Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Made an example and functon of the following:
(i) Tranquilizers
(li) Wide spectrum antibiotics
(i) Those substances which reduce anxiety and depression are called tranquilizers. Example—Seasonal, equanil etc.
(ii) Those medicines which are effective against different types of macro-organisms are called wide spectrum antibiotics.
Example: Tetracycline chloramphenicol.
Sulpha drugs work like antibiotics but they are not antibiotics. Is this a valid statement and why? Give one example of sulpha drugs and antibiotics.
Sulpha drugs work like antibiotics but they are not antibiotics is a valid statement because they are not obtained from micro-organisms like antibiotics.
Example: Sulphadiazine etc.
Antibiotics: Penicillin, streptomycin etc.
What is meant by chemotherapy? Write the chemical name of aspirin. What is it used for?
It can be used for curing:
(i) Typhoid
(ii) Dysentery
(iii) Acute fever
(iv) Certain forms of urinary infections
(v) Pneumonia
(vi) Meningitis.
What are antibodies? How do they fight a bacterium?
Antibodies are native molecules produced by the body in response to the attack of antigens. These are also called immunoglobulins. These are specialised protein molecules which protect the body from all ill effects of the foreign bodies known as antigens. These are Y-shaped protein molecules composed of four smaller polypeptides linked together.
When an antigen enters the blood, it binds to a special type of white blood cell called lymphocyte. Each lymphocyte produces only one kind of antibody which binds to its surface. This attachment, in turn stimulates rapid division of cells producing daughter cells which are specialised in the production of that antibody. Thus, in response to the entry of antigen or infection the number of antibodies in the blood becomes much more than the antigens. As a result, a reserve supply is left in the body after antigens are destroyed. Newly born babies do not have a functioning system for antibodies synthesis, for several months. During this period, they are protected by antibodies from mother’s milk.
Define spectrum. Give two examples of each of:
(a) narrow-spectrum antibiotics
(b) broad-spectrum antibiotics.
The complete range of micro-organisms that can be killed by a particular antibiotic is known as spectrum.
(a) Streptomycin and Chloromycetin.
(b) Tetracycline and chloroamphenicol.
Explain antipyretics and analgesics, and give one example of each.
(i) The chemical substances which are used to lower the temperature of the body in a high fever are called antipyretics. Example: Aspirin, paracetamol and plenacetin.
(ii) The chemical substances which are used to relieve pains are called analgesics. Example: Aspirin,
novalgin.
State the function along with one example each of:
(i) Antihistamines, (ii) Antioxidants
(i) Antihistamines are those which counteract the effect of histamine which is generated in the body due to allergy e.g., diphenyl hydramine, promethazine, chlorophenaramine.
(ii) Antioxidants are those chemicals which prevent oxidation of food and other materials e.g., BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole) and BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene).
Why should aspirin cannot be taken on an empty stomach? What does it contain chemically? Draw its structure.
Aspirin (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) have the side effect of irritating the gastric mucosa. Gastric mucosa is the lining on the inner wall of the stomach that prevents your stomach acid from destroying the stomach.
Asprin and other drugs on consistent usage can erode this lining and cause severe ulcers. Hence, it is advised that such drugs be taken with food or after food.
Aspirin contains salicylate drug. The structure of aspirin,
Why is it essential to test the patients for “allergy to penicillin”, before it is administered?
How do antipyretic and analgesic compounds help in cases of common sickness ? Give an example for each.
(i) Antipyretic depresses the body temperature in the case of high fevers for example Paracetamol.
(ii) An analgesic releases body pain examples: Aspirin, Butazolidine.
What are antiseptics? Give example of an antiseptic compound.
What are antipyretics? Give the name and structure of an antipyretic.
Describe the following with example in each case:
(i) Antioxidants.
(ii) Biodegradable detergents.
(i) Anti-oxidants: These are the substances that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to countreact the deterioration of stored food product. For example: butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT).
(ii) Biodegradable detergents: Biodegradable detergents are those which have certain straight hydrocarbon chain with non-polar tail. Such detergents are more prone to attack by bacteria and hence easily get biodegraded.
Describe the following with example in each case:
(i) Preservatives
(ii) Tranquilizers.
(i) Preservatives: The chemical substances which are used to protect food against bacteria, yeast and moulds are called preservatives. The most common preservative used is sodium benzoate C6H5COONa.
(ii) Tranquilizers: Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs . These medicines act on central nervous system and help in reducing anxiety and relieve tension on the nerves. For example: Valium.
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Define the following and given one example of each:
(i) Anti-histamines
(ii) Disinfectants
(iii) Antacids.
(i) Anti-histamines: It is the group of drugs which counteract the effect of histamine in the body. These are also called anti-allergic drugs. Allergic reactions are caused due to liberation histamine in the body that is why these drugs are called antihistamines. These are used to treat allergy e.g., skin rashes, conjunctivitis and rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa). Commonly drugs of this group are diphenyl hydramine, chloropheni-ramine, promethazine etc. Some other commonly used antihistamines are: trimeton and benadryl etc.
(ii) Disinfectants: Disinfectants kill microorganisms, but are not safe for living tissues. These are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage systems, instruments etc. Example: one percent solution of phenol, chlorine in a concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 parts per million etc.
(iii) Antacids: Substances which remove the excess acid and raise the pH to an appropriate level in the stomach are called antacids. Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide gel, sodium bicarbonate and aluminium phosphate are commonly used as antacid.
What is the difference between local and general anaesthetics? Name one chemical used in each case.
A local anaesthetic is those drugs which produce loss of sensation in a small area where the drug is applied. Local anaesthetics are used for small surgical operations like tooth extraction, stitching of a wound etc.
Example: Cocaine, novocaine and xylocaine.
General anaesthetics are compounds used to produce unconsciousness and muscular relaxation, sufficient to allow the performance of surgical operations. Common local anaesthetics are ethyl chloride (used in spray form) procaine (used in an injection) etc.
What is paracetamol? What medicinal effect does it produce in the human body?
Give the structure of sulphadiazine. Mention its uses.
Narcotics: Narcotics are compounds which possess general depressant action on the central nervous system. They can be classified into sedatives, hypnotics or tranquillizers and general anaesthetics:
(i) Sedatives: They cause a milder form of depression. The most widely used sedatives are the bromides and the bromo-compounds. KBr is the most commonly used bromide. Bromo valetone and velero bromine are used as sedatives.
(ii) Tranquilizers: These are the compounds that help in reducing anxiety by acting on nervous system. These induce sleep and can be habit forming. Examples are luminal, equanil, Seconal etc.
(iii) Anaesthetics: These are the compounds used to produce unconsciousness and muscular relaxation, sufficient to allow the performance of suigical operations. Examples are ethylene, Divinyl ether and cycloprone. Sometimes for small operations and tooth extracted the limited area is made senseless either by injecting or by local application of the drugs which are called local anaesthetics. Examples are cocaine, novocaine and xylocaine.
How are antiseptics distinguished from disinfectants? Give two examples of each of the substances.
|
Antiseptics |
Disinfectants |
|
1. Can kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms. |
1. Can kill micro-organisms. |
|
2. Do not harm the living tissue. Therefore, these can be applied to the skin. |
2. Toxic to the living tissues. Therefore these cannot be applied to the skin. |
|
3. These are used for the dressing of wounds, ulcers and in the treatment of diseased skin. |
3. These are used for disinfecting floors, toilets drains, instruments etc. |
|
Example: 1. Dettol |
Example: 1. DDT |
Describe the following with suitable examples of chemicals:
(i) Antipyretics
(ii) Antiseptics
(iii) Tranquilizers
(iv) Wide spectrum antibiotics
(i) Antipyretics: They are the compounds which are used to bring down body temperature in high fever. Examples: aspirin, antipyrine, phenacetin, and paracetamol.
(ii) Antiseptics: They are the chemicals which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms. Antiseptics are applied to living tissues. They can be applied to wounds, cuts, ulcers diseased skin surface. Example: 0.2% solution of phenol.
(iii) Tranquilizers: Tranquilizers and analgesics are neurologically activer drugs. These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. Tranquilizers reduce anxiety and bring about calmness. These are used for making sleeping pills, Barbituric acid, lyminal, Seconal are commonly used as tranquilizers. They are habit forming and frequent and indiscriminate use leads to addiction.
(iv) Wide spectrum antibiotics : Broad-spectrum antibiotics are those which attack a wide range of micro organism. Such antibiotics are medicines effective against various harmful microorganism. For example, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and a mixture of potent antibiotics.
Name the action of the following on the human body:
(a) Aspirin
(b) Penicillin
(c) Phenacetin
(d) Morphine
(e) Analgin
(f) Laminal
(g) Sarconal
(h) Streptomycin.
(a) Aspirin: It acts as antipyretic and analgesic. It brings down fever and acts as a pain killer.
(b) Penicillin: It acts as antibiotic. It kills microorganisms causing disease.
(c) Phenacetin: It acts as Antipyretic and analgesic. It brings down fever and acts as a pain killer.
(d) Morphine: It acts as narcotics. It is a strong analgesic i.e., pain-reliever.
(e) Analgin: It acts as antipyretic and analgesic. It brings down fever and acts as a pain-killer.
(f) Laminal: It is tranquilizer. It is given to mental patients to reduce anxiety.
(g) Seconal: It is tranquilizer. It is given to mental patients to reduce anxiety.
(h) Streptomycin: It is an antibiotic and is used to kill micro-organism causing disease.
Give one important use of each of the following:
(i) Bithional
(ii) Chloroamphenicol
(iii) Streptomycin
(iv) Paracetamol.
(i) Bithonal is added to soaps so as to impart antiseptic properties to soap.
(ii) Chloramphenicol is broad spectrum antibiotic used in curing typhoid meningitis etc.
(iii) Streptomycin is used for treatment of T.B. (Tuberculosis).
(iv) Paracetamol is antipyretic used in bringing down temperature of feveral body.
Explain what do you understand by pathogens. How can we control the microbial diseases?
Any organism that causes disease is called a pathogen. Invasion and multiplication of these pathogens in the infected host results in the onset of disease due to the destruction of the normal cell metabolism.
There are three ways of controlling the microbial diseases:
(i) by using a drug which kills the organism in the body.
(ii) by using a drug which inhibits or arrests the growth of the organism.
(iii) by increasing immunity and resistance to infection of the body.
What is the basic structure of a detergent?
The antibiotics can be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
|
Bactericidal |
Bacteriostatic |
|
1. An antibiotic which kills the micro-organism in the body. |
1. An antibiotic which inhibit or control the growth of micro-organism. |
|
2. Example: Penicillin, Of loxacin. |
2. Example: Erythromycin, Tetracy-cline, Chloramphenicol. |
Explain what do you understand by spectrum of antibiotics. Give examples.
The full range of micro-organisms attacked by an antibiotic is called its spectrum.
Antibiotics can be divided into two types:
Narrow spectrum antibiotics: which are effective against very few number of diseases.
Example: penicillin.
Broad spectrum antibiotics are the antibiotics which are effective against several different types of micro-organism.
Example: Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline.
Explain the considerations in drug designing.
Two considerations of major importance in drug designing are:
(i) Choice of drug target: Drug usually interacts with biological macro-molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. These biological macro-molecules are called targets.
(ii) Drug Metabolism: A drug travels through the body in order to reach the target. Therefore, its design should be such that it reaches the target without being metabolised in between. Also, after its action, it should be excreted without causing harm to the body.
Describe the following with suitable examples:
(i) Tranquilizers.
(ii) Antifertility drugs.
(iii) Antihistamines.
(ii) The anti-fertility drugs are mostly hormonal contraceptive and are available for the female only. These are gonadal steroids i.e., vestrogens and progestogens.
(a) Synthetic oestrogens. Two synthetic oestrogens are used as oral contraceptives. These are ethinyl oestradial and mestranol.
(b) Synthetic progestogens: These are of three types i.e., pregonames, vestranes and gonames.
Classification of homonal contraceptives:
(a) Oral pills: A numbr of oral pills are available. A few popular out of these are: combined pill, progestogen only pill (POP), post-coital pill, once-a-month (long acting) pill and male pill.
(b) Depot (slow release formulations). They are available in injection form, as subctuaneous implants and also as vaginal rings.
Mode of action of Hormonal contraceptive : The mechanism of action of a combined oral pill is to prevent the release of the ovum from the ovary. This is achieved by blocking the pituitary secretion of gonadotropin which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.
Progestogen only preparations render the cervical mucous thick and scanty and thereby inhibit sperm penetration. They also inhibit tubal mortality and delay the transport of the sperm and the ovum of the uterine cavity.
(iii) Antihistamines are defined as the drugs which combat the effects of histamine a chemical released by certain cells of the body (mast cells) during an allergic reaction.
The commonly used antihistamines are:
(a) Diphenyl hydramine (Benadryl)
(b) Chlophe niramine (chlortrimeton)
(c) Fexo fenidine (Allegra)
(d) Cetrizine (Zrytect).
Describe the following with suitable examples:
(i) Preservative
(ii) Artificial sweeteners
(iii) Antioxidants
(iv) Edible colours.
(i) Preservatives: These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage and to retain their nutritive value for long periods. These preservatives prevent the rancidity of food and inhibit and growth or kill the micro-organisms.
Examples: Salt, sugar, sodium nitrate/nitrite, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, Na and Ca propionate.
(ii) Artificial sweeteners : These are the chemical compounds which give sweetening effect to the food and enhance its odour and flavour.
Examples : Saccharin, aspartame (methyl ester), nitro aniline, dulcin, (urea, sweetener), dihydro-chalcones (DHC), sucralose etc.
(iii) Antioxidants: An antioxidant may be defined as the substance which when added to the fats and fat-containing foods prevent their oxidation and thus prolong their life. The commonly used antioxidants are Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), Propyl gallate (PG), Tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ).
(iv) Edible colours: These are the chemical substances which are used for imparting colour to the food and increase the eye appeal and compliment a definite flavour. The main condition for using a colour in food is that it should have less to the human health. It should be stable towards the action of acids, alkalies, high temperature, day light and the long storage. The use of the following dyes has been permitted to impart characteristics colours.
Azo dyes: Red colour
Pyrazolone dye: Yellow
Indigoid: Blue
Triphenyl methane: Green
According to the Public Health Department, the following colouring matters are not allowed in food products.
Metallic colours: Compounds of metals like antimony; arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc.
Vegetable colouring matter: Garbage.
Coal tar colours: Cabazotic acid, dinitrocresol, Naphthol yellow, Martius yellow, etc.
Detergents are sodium salts of long chain sulphonates and sulphates.
Classification: They are two types:
(i) Sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acid: These are obtained from derivatives of benzene sulphonic acid. The common example is sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate.
(ii) Sodium salts of long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate: These are sodium salts of sulphuric acid esters of long-chain alcohols containing usually 10-15 carbon atoms. These alcohols are obtained by the hydrogenolysis of oils and fats. For examples, sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium cetyl sulphate.
Detergents are preferred our soaps for the following reasons:
(i) Synthetic detergents can be used even in the case of hard water whereas soaps fail to do so.
(ii) Synthetic detergents can be used in the acidic medium while soaps fail to do so because of their hydrolysis to free acids.
(iii) Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water and hence form more latter than soaps.
(iv) Synthetic detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
State whether the following statements are True or False
A.
Aspirin is an antibiotic.B.
Antioxidants are sacrificial materials used as food additives.C.
Chloroxylenol and bithional are the two components of dettol.D.
Sucrolose and asparatme both are used as artificial sweeteners.E.
Non-ionic detergents are used for dishwashing purposes.State whether the following statements are True or False
A.
Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from hard water do not precipitate the anion of the synthetic detergents.B.
Paracetamol and aspirin both are analgesics.C.
Of loxacin and penicillin both are broad spectrum antibiotics.D.
Bithional, a chlorophenol derivative is an antiseptic added to soap.E.
Sulpha drugs are antibiotics.D.
paracetamol.Dettol is a mixture of terpeneol and
A.
ChloroxylenolWhich of the following is a broad spectrum antibiotics?
Penicillin
Bithional
Tetracycline
All of these
C.
Tetracycline
Antioxidants used in food chemistry is
Sodium benzoate
Aspartame
D.
Butylated hydroxytolueneIproniazid and phenelzine can be used in case of mental depression.
Name the chemical responsible for antiseptic properties of dettol.
Chloroxylenol and terpineol are the chemicals which are responsible for antiseptic properties of dettol.
What type of drug chloram phenicol is?
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes meningitis, plague, cholera and typhoid fever.
Name the broad spectrum antibiotic.
The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease. A broad spectrum antibiotic acts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. An example of a commonly used broad- spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.
Give the structural formula of aspirin. Write its IUPAC name.
IUPAC name of aspirin is 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid.
What are tranquilizers? Give two examples.
Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. These relieve anxiety, stress, irritability of excitment by inducing a sense of well- being.
For example noradrenaline and chlordiazepoxide.
Is penicillin a broad spectrum antibiotic? Name two semisynthetic modifications of penicillin.
Penicillin is narrow spectrum antibiotic. Ampicillin and Amoxycillin are semisynthetic modification of penicillin.
Name the medicine which can act as analgesic as well as antipyretic. Also write its chemical name and its structure.
Aspirin can act as analgesic as well as antipyretic.
Chemical name of aspirin is 2-acetoxybenzoic acid.
Equanil belongs to which category of drug?
Equanil (Tranquilizers) belong to neurologically active drugs.
What kind of medicines are given to reduce mental tension and anxiety?
Antidepressant drugs are given to reduce mental tension and anxiety. For example Iproniazid and phenelzine.
Neurologically-active drugs are given to the agitated and violent patient. These drugs affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to the receptor.
Tranquillizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases.
Name one medicinal compound each that is used to treat (i) hypertension, (ii) general body pain.
i) Chlordiazepoxide
ii) Paracetamol
Soap is a weak antiseptic. What may be added to soap to improve its antiseptic action?
Bithionol added to soap to improve its antiseptic action.
Name two nacrotics which are used as analgesics.
Morphine and Heroin are used as analgesics.
Why is ethanol added to soap?
Water and oil are unable to mix, ethanol has the ability to dissolve on a partial level in water and oil. This process assists the reaction of fatty acid and sodium hydroxide to produce water, soap, salt and fatty acids.
Name a broad spectrum antibiotic and state two diseases for which it is prescribed.
Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram negtive bacteria are said to be broad spectrum antibiotics. Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It can be given orally in case of typhoid, dynsentery, acute fever.
Describe the functions of antibiotics and antiseptics. Give one example of each.
Antibiotics and antiseptics both are used to kill or prevent the growth of microoraganism. Penicllin is an antibiotics and dettol is antiseptics.
Antiseptic works on the surface of skin where as antibiotics works in body.
Name the drug used in (i) typhoid, (ii) tuberculosis, (iii) pneumonia.
i) Chloramphenicol
ii) Bedaquiline
iii) Amoxycillin
How are antiseptics distinguished from disinfectants? Give two examples of each.
A drug which used to destroy diseases carrying microorganism by local application on skin, mucosa or cavities is called as antiseptic. For example dettol and tincture of iodine.
A drug which used to destroy microoraganism from floors, instruments etc. is called disinfectants. Example 0.2 percent solution of phenol or chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solutions are disinfectants.
Give the structure of chloramphenicol. For which disease can it be used?
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It is used in case of typhoid, acute fever, pneumonia etc.
Structure of Chloramphenicol.
Describe the function of antibiotics and antiseptics.
Antiseptics and disinfectants are used either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
For example tincture of iodine is antiseptic and 1percent solution of phenol is a disinfectants.
Describe the following with suitable examples: (i) Preservatives, (ii) Tranquilizers.
i) Preservatives: A preservative is a substance or a chemical that when added to products such as food, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products, prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
ii) Tranquillizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases. These relieve anxiety,stress, irritability or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being.
Describe the following with examples : Antioxidants
Antioxidants: The oxidation process spoils most food, especially those with a high fat content. Fats quickly turn rancid when exposed to oxygen. Antioxidants prevent or inhibit the oxidation process. The most common antioxidant additives are Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and Ascorbates. Antioxidants that are commonly added to oils, cheese, and chips. Other antioxidants include the phenol derivatives BHA, BHT, TBHQ and Propyl Gallate. These agents suppress the formation of Hydro Peroxides.
What is antipyretics?
These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain such as that due to arthritis. These drugs have many other effects such as reducing fever (antipyretic) and preventing platelet coagulation.Aspirin is the most familiar example.
What is paracetamol? What medicinal effect does it produce in the human body?
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a pain reliever and a fever reducer.
Paracetamol is used to treat many conditions such as a headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches,colds, and fevers.
What are Narcotic analgesics drugs? Give two examples and uses?
Narcotic drugs are those which relieve pain and produce sleep. In poisonous doses, these produce stupor, coma, convulsions and ultimately death. Morphine is an example of Morphine narcotics drugs.
These analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and pains of terminal cancer, and in childbirth.
Mr. Roy, the principal of one reputed school organized a seminar in which he invited parents and principals to discuss the serious issue of diabetes and depression in students. They all resolved this issue by strictly banning the junk food in schools and to introduce healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk etc. in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour physical activities for the students in the morning assembly daily. After six months, Mr. Roy conducted the health survey in most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Roy?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue?
(iii) What are tranquillizers? Give an example.
(iv) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?
(i) The values displayed by Mr. Roy are:
(ii) Awareness regarding diabetes and depression among students can be spread by conducting seminars, health camps, debates, distribution of pamphlets, organising workshops by doctors, etc. to highlight the need to follow healthy eating habits and importance of physical activity in the day to day life of students.
(iii) Tranquillisers are those class of organic compounds that are neurologically active drugs. They perform their function by inhibiting the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. They induce a sense of well-being and are used in the treatment of stress, anxiety, irritability and mental diseases. For example, chlordiazepoxide, iproniazid, phenelzine, meprobamate, Equanil, etc.
(iv) Use of aspartame is limited to cold food and drinks because it is unstable at temperatures achieved during cooking of food.
What are isotonic solutions?
Isotonic solutions are those solutions that have the same osmotic pressure at a given temperature. An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. For example, 0.9% sodium chloride, commonly called the normal saline Normal saline solution contains 0.9% sodium chloride and is primarily used as the intravenous fluid in medical settings.
Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
Enzyme and receptor are the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
What is antiseptics? Give an example.
Antiseptics: These are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces.
Examples of antiseptics are furacine and soframicine.
Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold foods and soft drinks?
Aspartame is the most useful artificial sweetener. Its use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperature.
After watching a programme on TV about the adverse effects of junk food and soft drinks on the health of school children, Sonali, a student of Class XII, discussed the issue with the school principal. Principal immediately instructed the canteen contractor to replace the fast food with the fibre and vitamins rich food like sprouts, salad, fruits etc. This decision was welcomed by the parents and the students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(a) What value are expressed by Sonali and the Principal of the school?
(b) Give two examples of water-soluble vitamins.
(a) The values showed by Sonali are awareness regarding adverse effect of junk food and concern for the health of her school mates.
The value showed by the principal is responsible behaviour in listening to Sonali’s views and taking prompt action in replacing junk food with healthy food.
(b) The water soluble vitamins are vitamin B-complex and vitamin C.
Which one of the following is a food preservative? Equanil, Morphine, Sodium benzoate
Sodium benzoate is used as a food preservative whereas equanil is a tranquillizer and morphine is a narcotic analgesic.
Why is bithionol added to soap?
Bithionol is an antiseptic so it is added to soaps to reduce odours producing bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.
Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?
Tranquillizers relieve stress, fatigue by inducing a sense of well-being, so they are used in the making of sleeping pills.
What are the following substances? Give one example of each one of them.
(i) Tranquilizers
(ii) Food preservatives
(iii) Synthetic detergents
(i) Tranquillizers: A tranquillizer is a drug that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, decrease anxiety, or help a person to sleep. Often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness as well as common anxiety and sleeplessness.
There are two types or classes of tranquillizers:
(a) Major tranquillizers example phenothiazine
(b) Minor tranquillizers example schizophrenia
(ii) Food Preservatives: These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage and to retain their nutritive value for long periods. Example: Vinegar Food preservation involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), or other micro-organisms as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.
(iii) Synthetic detergents: Synthetic detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye. These detergents were developed in order to replace soaps for cleaning, to overcome some of the soap's shortcomings. These can be used both in hard and soft water. Example: Sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate
Synthetic detergents can be classified as:
Anionic: Having negatively charged head and widely used due to cost and performance. Uses include:
(i)Laundry detergents
(ii)Dishwashing liquids
(iii)Oven cleaners
Cationic: Having a positively charged head. Uses include:
(i) Cleaning plastics
(ii)Hair shampoos
(iii)Fabric softeners and conditioners
Non-ionic or neutral: Having an uncharged head. Uses include:
(i)Car shampoos
(ii)Dishwasher detergents
(iii)Cosmetics
Describe the following giving one example for each:
(i) Detergents
(ii) Food preservatives
(iii) Antacids
(i) Detergents: Synthetic detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye. These detergents were developed in order to replace soaps for cleaning, to overcome some of soap's shortcomings. These can be used both in hard and soft water. Example: Sodium p-dodecylbenzenesulphonate
Synthetic detergents can be classified as:
Anionic: Having negatively charged head and widely used due to cost and performance. Uses include:
(i)Laundry detergents
(ii)Dishwashing liquids
(iii)Oven cleaners
Cationic: Having a positively charged head. Uses include:
(i) Cleaning plastics
(ii)Hair shampoos
(iii)Fabric softeners and conditioners
Non-ionic or neutral: Having an uncharged head. Uses include:
(i)Car shampoos
(ii)Dishwasher detergents
(iii)Cosmetics
(ii) Food Preservatives: These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage and to retain their nutritive value for long periods. Example: Vinegar, salt, sugar, vegetable oil, sodium benzoate (C6H3COONa), and salts of propanoic acid.
Food preservation involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi (such as yeasts), or other micro-organisms as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.
(iii) Antacids: Any drug that is used to counteract the effects of excess acid in the stomach and raise the pH to an appropriate level is called an antacid. Such as sodium bicarbonate, that neutralizes acid
Seeing the growing cases of diabetes and depression among young children, Mr Lugani, the principal of on reputed school organised a seminar in which he invited parents and principals. They all resolved this issue by strictly banning junk food in schools and introducing healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk, etc. in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour of daily physical activities for the students in the morning assembly. After six months, Mr Lugani conducted the health survey is most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of the students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr Lugani?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue?
(iii) What are antidepressant drugs? Give an example.
(iv) Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
(i) The values displayed by Mr Lugani are:
(ii) Awareness regarding diabetes and depression can be spread among students by seminars, health camps, debates, pamphlets, workshops by doctors, etc. to highlight the need to follow healthy eating habits and importance of physical activity in the day to day life of students.
(iii) Antidepressant drug: Antidepressant drugs are those class of organic compounds that are neurologically active drugs. These drugs reduce the symptoms of major depressive disorders and other conditions, including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and sleep disorders, by correcting chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Example: Iproniazid, phenelzine, etc.
(iv) Artificial sweetening agents such as aspartame can be used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
(i) What class of drug is Ranitidine?
(ii) If water contains dissolved Ca2+ ions, out of soaps and synthetic detergents, which will you use for cleaning clothes?
(iii) Which of the following is an antiseptic?
0.2% phenol, 1% phenol
(i) Ranitidine belongs to Antihistamines class of drugs.
(ii) If water contains Ca2+ ions then out of soaps and synthetic detergents, we will use synthetic detergents. In case of soaps, Ca2+ ions form insoluble calcium soaps when sodium or potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.
2C17H35COONa + CaCl2 ---> 2NaCl + (C17H35COO)2Ca
Soap insoluble calcium sterate soap
Whereas the synthetic detergents can be used in both soft and hard water.
(iii) 0.2% phenol is an antiseptic.
What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful in treating this depression.
Depression is caused due to the low level of adrenaline. Anti-depressant drugs are needed to counteract the effect of depression. One such drug is Iproniazid.
Differentiate between disinfectants and antiseptics. Give one example of each group.
Disinfectant is mostly used on non-living substances whereas antiseptics are used for living things. Antiseptics and disinfectants are effective against micro-organisms. However, antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers, and diseased skin surfaces, while disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc.
Disinfectants are harmful to the living tissues.
Iodine is an example of a strong antiseptic. Tincture of iodine (2 -3 percent of a solution of iodine in the alcohol - water mixture) is applied to wounds. 1 percent solution of phenol is used as a disinfectant.
Due to hectic and busy schedule, Mr. Angad made his life full of tensions and anxiety. He started taking sleeping pills to overcome the depression without consulting the doctor. Mr. Deepak, a close friend of Mr. Angad, advised him to stop taking sleeping pills and suggested to change his lifestyle by doing Yoga, mediation and some physical exercise. Mr. Angad followed his friend's advice and after few days he started feeling better.
After reading the above passage, Ans the following:
(i)What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Deepak?
(ii)Why is it not advisable to take sleeping pills without consulting a doctor?
(iii)What are tranquillizers? Give two examples.
(i) The following values are displayed by Mr. Deepak:
(a)Care and concern: He cared for the well-being of his friend Mr. Angad.
(b)Knowledge: He suggested his friend effective measures counter stress and anxiety.
(ii)Sleeping pills are prescribed by doctors to patients with stress, pain or depression. It should not be taken without a prescription or a doctor's consultancy because these pills have several side effects. Sleeping pills slow down the functioning of the brain and the nervous system.
(iii) Tranquillisers are those class of organic compounds that are neurologically active drugs. They perform their function by inhibiting the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. They induce a sense of well-being and are used in the treatment of stress, anxiety, irritability and mental diseases. Their examples are chlordiazepoxide, iproniazid, phenelzine, meprobamate and equanil.
Due to hectic and busy schedule,Mr.Singh started taking junk food in the lunch break and slowly became habitual of eating food irregularly to excel in his field. One day during the meeting he felt severe chest pain and fell down. Mr Khanna, a close friend of Mr. Singh took him to doctor immediately. The doctor diagnosed that Mr Singh was suffering from acidity and prescribed some medicines. Mr Khanna advised him to eat home made food and change his lifestyle by doing yoga,meditation and some physical exercise. Mr Singh followed his friend's advice and after few days he started feeling better.
after reading the above passage, answer the following:
i) what are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr Khanna?
ii) What are antacid? Give one example
iii) would it be advisable to take an antacid for a long period of time ? Give
(i) Caring nature, supportive, aware
(ii) Antacids are the medicines used to control acidity in stomach. Ex – mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide / sodium hydrogen carbonate / Zantac / Ranitidine.
(iii) No, Excessive antacid can make the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of more acid.
What are the following substances? Give one example of each.
(i) Food preservatives
(ii) Synthetic detergents
(iii) Antacids(i) Food Preservatives: These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage due to microbial growth and to retain their nutritive value for a long time. Sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulphite are some common preservatives. Preservatives prevent rancidity and kill or inhibit the growth of the microorganism.
(ii) Synthetic Detergents: Detergents are cleaning agents which have all the properties of soaps, but actually do not contain any soap e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate. These can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water.
Detergents are mainly classified into three categories:
(i) Anionic detergents
(ii) Cationic detergents
(iii) Non-ionic detergents
(iii) Antacids: These are the chemical substances which neutralize the excess acid and raise the pH to an appropriate level in the stomach. Sodium hydrogen carbonate or a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide are some common antacids.
On the occasion of World Health Day, Dr Satpal organised a 'health camp' for the poor farmers living in a nearby village. After the check-up, he was shocked to see that most of the farmers suffered from cancer due to regular exposure to pesticides and many were diabetic. They distributed free medicines to them. Dr. Satpal immediately reported the matter to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). On the suggestions of NHRC, the government decided to provide medical care, financial assistance, setting up of super-speciality hospitals for treatment and prevention of the deadly disease in the affected villages all over India.
(i) Write the values shown by
(a) Dr. Satpal
(b) NHRC
(ii) What type of analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of pains of terminal cancer?
(iii) Give an example of artificial sweetener that could have been recommended to diabetic patients.
(i)
(a) Dr. Satpal organised a health camp for poor families in a village. This shows that he is an altruist.
(b) NHRC realised its responsibility and initiated government on the health issue of villagers and suggested immediate actions be taken by the government.
(ii) Narcotic analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of pains of terminal cancer.
(iii) Saccharin is an artificial sweetener which could be recommended to diabetic patients.
Define the following :
Anionic detergents
Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon. The long chain alcohols are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate of high molecular mass whose anionic part is involved in cleansing action.
Define the following :
Broad spectrum antibiotics
The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. Antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The example of Broad spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.
Define the following :
Antiseptic
Antiseptics are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microbes on living tissues. The example of Antiseptics is Dettol, Savlon.
Why is bithional added to soap?
Bithional added to soaps to impart antiseptic properties and to reduce the odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.
What is tincture of iodine? Write its one use.
Among the following, which one acts as a food preservative?
Aspartame, Aspirin, Sodium Benzoate, Paracetamol
Sodium Benzoate-Food preservative.
Which of the following is an anionic detergent?
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
Glyceryl oleate
Sodium stearate
A.
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Sodium lauryl sulphate
[CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3-Na+)]
= Cationic detergent
Glyceryl oleate [(C17H32COO)3C3H6] = Non-ionic detergent Sodium stearate [C17H35COO-Na+] = Anionic soap
Thiol group is present in:
Cystine
Cysteine
Methionine
Cytosine
B.
Cysteine
Aspirin is known as
acetyl salicylic acid
phenyl salicylate
acetyl salicylate
methyl salicylic acid
A.
acetyl salicylic acid
Identify the correct statements regarding enzymes
Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can normally function at very high temperature (T ~ 1000 K)
Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that the posses well – defined active sites
Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can not be poisoned
Enzymes are normally heterogeneous catalysts that are very specific in their action
B.
Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that the posses well – defined active sites
Which of the following is an analgesic?
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Chloromycetin
Novalgin
D.
Novalgin
Novalgin (Dipyrone) is a non-narcotic analgesic used as a pain reliever.
Penicillin is an antibiotic used for curing rheumatic fever
Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug.
Chloromycetin is an antibiotic drug.
softner
dryner
buffering agent
antiseptic
D.
antiseptic
Bithional is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties. It reduces odour produced by the bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.Artificial sweetener which is stable under cold conditions only is
Saccharine
Sucralose
Aspartame
Alitame
C.
Aspartame
Aspartame is the only artificial sweetener which is stable at a lower temperature and decomposes at a higher temperature.
Which of the following hormones is produced under the condition of stress which stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human beings ?
Thyroxin
Insulin
Adrenaline
Estradiol
C.
Adrenaline
The adrenal gland produces adrenaline hormone after receiving a message from the brain under a stressful situation. Adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver of human beings.
Antiseptics and disinfectants either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Identify which of the following is not true.
A 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution acts as a disinfectant
Chlorine and iodine are used as strong disinfectants
Dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen, peroxide are strong antiseptics
Disinfectants harm the living tissue
C.
Dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen, peroxide are strong antiseptics
Antiseptics and disinfectants both either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. The main point of difference between these two is that the former (antiseptics) are used for living beings whereas disinfectants are not safe for living tissues. These are actually used for inanimate objects like floors, tiles etc.
A substance like phenol in its lower concentration (0.2%) behaves as antiseptic whereas in higher concentration (1%) as disinfectant. Chlorine and iodine are strong disinfectants whereas dilute solutions of boric acid and hydrogen peroxide are mild antiseptics.
Chloramphenicol is an
antifertility drug
antihistamine
antiseptic and disinfectant
antibiotic broad spectrum
D.
antibiotic broad spectrum
a) Antifertility drugs are used to control pregnancy. These drugs prevent conception of fertilisation e.g., Mifepristone, norethindrone, mestranol etc.
b) Antihistamines are used for the relief of allergies e.g., diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine etc.
c) Antiseptic is used to reduce the number and growth of microorganism e.g., Dettol soap etc, whereas disinfectants kill bacteria and are used for sterilisation of inanimate objects like instruments utensils clothes, floors etc. e.g., phenol, dental, iodol etc.
d) Broad spectrum antibiotics are such antibiotics that act against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria. They act against both Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria. e.g, ampicillin chloramphenicol etc.
Which one of the following is employed as antihistamine?
Diphenyl hydramine
Norethindrone
Omeprazole
Chloramphenicol
A.
Diphenyl hydramine
Diphenyl hydramine (Benadryl) is used as an antihistamine
Which one of the following is employed asa tranquilizer drug?
Promethazine
Valium
Naproxen
Mifepristone
B.
Valium
Tranquillizer is the chemicals that reduce anxiety and mental tension. Thus, they are sometimes called psychotherapeutic drugs. Equanil, valium and serotonin are some commonly used tranquillizers.
Which one of the following is employed as a tranquilizer?
Equanil
Naproxen
Tetracycline
Chlorpheniramine
A.
Equanil
The drugs which are used to reduce anxiety and for the treatment of mental diseases, are called tranquillizers. These drugs are also known as psychotherapeutic drugs. Luminal second and equanil are two commonly used tranquilisers.
Which of the following hormones contain iodine?
Insulin
Testosterone
Adrenaline
Thyroxine
D.
Thyroxine
Thyroxine is 3,5,3', 5'- tetraiodothyronine. It is secreted by follicular cells of thyroid glands. Its structure is as 
Thyroxine stimulates the consumption of oxygen and thus, the metabolism of all cells or tissue in the body.
Which one of the following is an amine hormone?
Thyroxine
Oxypurin
Insulin
Progesterone
A.
Thyroxine
The hormone which is proteinous nature are said to be amine hormone because protein is the polymers of polypeptides and polypeptides are made up of amino acids. An amino acid contains amino group.
Thyroxin is an amine hormone. It is secreted by the thyroid gland. Its function is to control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol acts as
Analgesic
Antiseptic
Antipyretic
Antibiotic
B.
Antiseptic
The mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol acts as antiseptic.
Which one among the following is added to soap to impart antiseptic property?
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonates
Rosin
Bithional
D.
Bithional
Bithionol is an antiseptic. It is mixed with soap to impart antiseptic property.
How many Faradays are required to reduce 1 mol of BrO3- to Br-
3
5
6
4
C.
6
BrO3- + 6H+ + 6e- → Br- + H2O
Therefore, number of faraday's required = 6F
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