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There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers.
(i) Linear polymer: These polymers consist of long and straight chains. Such as polythene, polyvinyl chloride etc.
(ii) Branched chain polymers: These polymers contain linear chains having some branches. Such as low density polythene.
(ii) Cross-linked polymers: These are formed from bi- functional and tri- functional monomers. Such as bakelite, malamin etc.
Classify the following as addition and condensation polymers:
Terylene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl chloride, Polythene.
Addition polymers: Polyvinyl chloride, polythene.
Condensation polymers: Terylene, Bakelite.
Explain the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S.
Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces.
Nylon 6, 6, Buna-S, Polythene.
Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces.
Nylon-6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride.
Explain the terms polymer and monomer.
(i) Polymer is a high molecular mass macromolecule consisting of repeating structural units derived from monomers. For examples of polymers are polythene, rubber, nylon 6 etc.
(ii) Monomer is a simple molecule that join with other similar molecules to form very large molecule by polymerization and leading to the formation of the corresponding polymer. For example caprolactam is monomer of nylon6 polymer.
How do you explain the functionality of a monomer?
Define the term polymerization.
Is (NH—CHR—CO)n, a homopolymer or copolymer?
The unit (NH–CHR–CO)n is obtained from a single monomer unit. it is a homopolymer.
a homopolymer or a copolymer?
What is condensation polymer?
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Give one example each of (i) Addition polymer (ii) Condensation polymer.
What is co-polymer?
State two properties of thermosetting polymers.
Give two examples of thermoplastic polymers.
Give two examples of thermosetting polymers.
Arrange the following polymers in the increasing order of their intermolecular forces: Nylon-66, Buna-S, polythene.
Buna-S < Polythene < Nylon-66
Out of linear polymer and branched chain polymer which higher density?
What is the common name of the polymer obtained by the polymerization of caprolactum?
Nylon -66 is an example of which type of polymer?
Vulcanised rubber is an example of which type of polymer depending upon the type of molecular forces?
Write the IUPAC name of monomer of natural rubber.
Give an example of polyester polymer. Name its monomers.
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Name a plastic which is used for making unbreakable plastic crockery.
Write the name and structure of one of the common initiators used in free radical addition polymerization.
Discuss the main purpose of vulcanization of rubber.
What are the monomeric repeat units of Nylon-6 and Nylon 6, 6?
.
Write the names and structures of monomers of bakelite. To which class, thermoplastic and thermosetting does bakelite belong?
Write the name of the monomer of Neoprene rubber.
What is the monomer unit of acrilan or orlon?
The monomer unit of acrilan or orlon is acrylonitrile, i.e., n CH2=CHCN.
Write the names of any two reagents which initiate anionic addition polymerization of alkenes.
Why does styrene undergo anionic polymerization easily?
What are the monomer units of baketlite?
Why are neoprene belts used in coal mines?
What is the difference between the two notations: nylon-6 and nylon-6, 6?
Write the starting materials for the synthesis of nylon-66?
What for the following abbreviations stand;
(i) PVC
(ii) PTFE
(iii) PMMA.
Describe the formation of melamine formaldehyde ?
Melamine formaldehyde polymer is formed by the condensation polymerisation of melamine and formaldehyde.
The monomer of given structure are:
What kind of polymerization is shown by the following:
(a) CH2 = CH = CH3
(b) C6H5OH and NH2CONH2
What is viscose rayon?
Define copolymerisation? Give one example.
What are polyamides?
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is produced by the polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
Name one synthetic polymer containing - CN group. Give its formula.
Polyacrylonitrile is a synthetic polymer, containing -CN group. Formula of Polyacrylonitrile is given as,
What structural changes are produced during vulcanization of rubber?
Mention two uses of Nylon-6, 6.
Two uses of Nylon-6,6;
(i) Bristles for brushes.
(ii) In textiles and in making elastic hosiery.
Which is better material for making PVC pipes a thermosetting plastic or a thermoplastic?
Give two examples of polymers that belong to the class of formaldehyde resins.
Classify the following polymers as chain growth and step growth polymers:
(i) Buna-S
(ii) Nylon-6,6
(iii) Terylene
(iv) PVC
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State how rayon is different from silk?
What are the monomers and structure of PHBV?
Name the rubber which bubble gum contains.
Which polymer is used as a substitute for glass?
What type of structure is noticed in thermosetting polymers?
Why polypropylene is preferred over polyethylene?
PAN (polyacrylonitrile) is prepared from acryonitrile in presence of a peroxide catalyst.
What type of polymer is (a) Protein (b) Polyethylene?
(a) Protein. It is natural condensation polymer of α-amino acids.
(b) Polyethylene. It is a synthetic addition polymer of ethylene.
What does PMMA stand for? How is it prepared?
How is neoprene obtained? Is it addition or condensation polymer?
What are polyhalo olefines? Give one example.
Name one polymer formed by step growth polymerization. Give names of its monomers.
How is polyacrylonitrile formed? What is its common trade name?
Name two plasticizers.
Give an example of biodegradable polymer.
What are biopolymers? Give one example.
What is PHBV?
Which colligative property is used to determine the molecular masses of polymers?
Which type of molecular mass is determined by osmotic pressure method and why?
type of molecular mass is determined by osmotic pressure because this method depends upon the number of molecules present in the polymer.
Name the methods used to determine the weight average molecular masses: why only these methods are used for determing Mw?
How does the biopolymers degrade?
Why have biodegradable synthetic polymers been developed?
What is the major importance of PHBV polymer?
What are sutures? Give its example.
Give the names of the monomers of nylon-2 and nylon-6. To which category does this polymer belongs?
Fibres are of crystalline nature. Why?
Name any one polymer which used for making medicinal capsules.
Which polymer is used in making electrical goods and why?
What is Novolac?
What type of molecules act as initiators in cationic addition polymerization?
Give the uses of low density and high density polymers.
What are natural and synthetic polymers? Give two examples of each type.
(i) Natural polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules and are found in plants and animals. The examples are proteins and nucleic acids, cellulose,etc.
(ii) Synthetic polymers are man-made high molecular mass macromolecules. These include synthetic plastics, fibres and rubbers. The two specific examples are polythene and dacron.
Distinguish between the terms homopolymer and copolymer and give an example of each.
Homopolymers are the polymers derived from the polymerization of only one kind of monomer. For example polythene is homopolymer which is made by only one monomer such as ethene.
Copolymers are the polymers obtained by the polymerization of two or more kind of monomers. For example Buna -S is copolymers which is made by two monomer such as 1,3 butadiene and styrene.
In which classes the polymers are classified on the basis of molecular forces?
On the basis of molecular forces present between the chains of various polymers, the classification of polymers is given as follows:
(i) Elastomers
(ii) Fibres
(iii) Thermoplastics and
(iv) Thermosetting plastics.
How can you differentiate between addition and condensation polymerization?
In addition polymerization, the molecules of the same or different monomers add together to form a large polymer molecule. The monomers used are unsaturated compounds example alkenes, alkadienes and their derviatives. This mode of polymerisation leading to an increase in chain length. Some addition polymers are polythene, Teflon, PAN,etc.
Condensation polymerization is a process in which two or more bi-functional molecules undergo a series of condensation reactions with the elimination of some simple molecules as water, alcohol etc., and leading to the formation of high molecular mass polymers. For example terylene is example of condense polymer.
Explain the term co-polymerization and give two examples.
Write the free radical mechanism for the polymerization of ethene.
Free redical mechanism involves three steps, such as ;
i) chain initiating step
ii) chain propagating step
iii)chain terminating step
In the polymerisation of ethene to polythene. Ethene is heating or exposing to light with benzoyl peroxide initiator. In this process a larger free radical is form.
As this radical reacts with another molecule of ethene, another bigger sized readical is formed. The repetition of this sequence is known as chain propagating step.
For the treminating of the long chain, these free radical can combine on different ways to form polythene.
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Define thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers with two examples of each.
A thermoplastic polymers are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling. These polymers posses intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate between elastomers and fibres. For example polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc.
A thermosetting polymer are cross linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and again become infusible. These cannont be reused. For example are bakelite, urea- formaldehyde resin etc.
Write the monomers used for getting the following polymers.
(i) Polyvinyl chloride (ii) Teflon (iii) Bakelite.
(i) The monomer of polyvinyl chloride is CH2 = CHCl vinyl chloride.
(ii) The monomer of teflon is CF2 = CF2 tetrafluoroethylene.
(iii) The monomers involved in the formation of bakelite are HCHO formaldehyde and C6H5OH phenol.
How does the presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity?
Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers:
(1) Buna-S (2) Buna-N (3) Dacron (4)Neoprene.
Identify the monomer in the following polymer structures:
Identify the monomer in the following polymer structures:
How Dacron is obtained from ethylene glycol and tetrephthalic acid?
What is biodegradable polymer and give an example of a biodegradable aliphatic polyester?
The polymers which decompose on their own by bacterial action are called biodegradable polymers.
Example of a biodegradable aliphatic polyester are Poly-β-hydroxy butyrate-co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV). Nylon 2-nylon 6 is another example of biodegradable polymers.
PDI is poly disparity index defined as the ratio of the weight average and the number average molecular masses.
It is a very important parameter of polymers which is used to identify the disparity (anomaly) in the polymer. Natural polymers have PDI equal to one because in them the number of monomers in a chain are fixed and it does not change. But in case of synthetic polymers the PDI is greater than unity because the number of monomers does not remain same and are often more than the required amount.
Give two differences between an addition polymer and a condensation polymer.
| Addition polymer | Condensation polymer |
| 1. Addition polymerisation involves one monomer. | 1. Condenstion polymerisation involves two monomers. |
| 2. The monomers are unsaturated compounds. | 2. The monomers contain twon functional groups. |
| 3. No loss of any molecules. | Small molecules usually water is lost. |
What is the difference between polyacrylates and polyesters?
|
Polyacrylates |
Polyesters |
|
1.These are addition polymers. |
1.These are condensation polymers having an ester linkage. |
|
2.These are synthesised from various types of acrylic monomers. |
Terylene is synthesised by the condensation of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. |
Differentiate between elastomers and fibres on the basis of inter-molecular forces. Give one structural formula of each type of polymers.
| Elastomers | Fibres |
| In these elastomeric polymers, the polymer chain are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces. Thesse weak binding forces permit the polymer to the strecthed. For example Buna -S neoprene etc. | In these polymers, the chain are held together by the strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding. For example Nylon6,6), polyesters, etc. |
Differentiate between chain growth and step growth polymerization. Give the structural formula one polymer of each type.
|
Chain growth polymerization |
Step-growth Polymerization |
|
1.Concentration of monomers decreases steadily throughout the reaction. |
1.Monomers disappear early in the reaction |
|
2.Only one repeating unit is added at a time. |
Any two species present can react. |
|
3.Increase in reaction time increase the yield but molecular mass is affected very little. |
3. Long reaction time is essential to get high molecular mass polymer. example: |
What is the difference thermo – plastic polymers and thermosetting polymers?
|
Thermoplastic polymers |
Thermosetting polymers |
|
1. Soften and melt on heating. 2. Can be remoulded, recast and reshaped ? 3. Less brittle. 4. Soluble in some organic solvents. 5. Usually formed by addition polymerization. 6. Usually have linear structures. 7. Examples. Polythene, PVC, Nylon, teflon, etc. |
1. Do not soften on heating but burn if heated for a longer time. 2. Cannot be remoulded or reshaped? 3. More brittle. 4. Insoluble in organic solvents because of three dimensional cross-linking. 5. Formed by condensation polymerization. 6. Have three dimensional cross-linked structures. 7. Bakellite, urea-formaldehyde resin, terylene. |
How are polymers classified into different categories on the basis of intermolecular forces? Give one example of a polymer of each of these categories.
(1) Elastomers: They have weakest intermolecular forces of attraction. They are elastic in nature. For example natural rubber, vulcanised rubber.
(2) Fibres: They are polymers having stronger forces having hydrogen-bonds. They have high tensile strength. For example: nylon, terylene.
(3) Thermoplastics: They can be easily moulded into desired shape by heating and then cooling. The force of attraction is intermediate between elastomers and fibres. For example: polythene, polypropone.
(4) Thermosetting plastics: They have the maximum force of attraction because they are cross-linked. They do not become soft on heating. For example Bakelite.
What are elastomers? Write the chemical equation to represent the preparation of Buna-S.
Elastomers: They are polymers in which polymer chains are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces. They can be stretched due to weak forces of attraction.
Buna-S can be prepared by reaction of 1, 3-butadiene and styrene in presence of sodium as a polymerising agent.
Depict a free radical mode of addition polymerization of isoprene.
In this free radical mechanism, the isoprene reacts with the initiator (catalyst) like benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, tertbutyl peroxide, etc.
and thus forming polymerise compound by following three-step mechanism.
i)Chain initiation steps
ii)Chain propagating step.
iii)Chain terminating step.
What are the different ways of initiating addition polymerization? Describe one of them for polymerising vinyl chloride.
Polymerization can be initiated in three ways:
(i) Free radical polymerization using peroxide as an initiator.
(ii) Cationic polymerization using H+ as an initiator.
(iii) Anionic polymerization using KNH2 as an initiator.
Free radical polymerization : In → In°.
Why is cationic polymerization preferred in case of vinylic monomers containing electron donating groups?
Will you prefer to polymerize acrylo-nitrile under anionic or cationic polymerization conditions? Explain your choice.
We will prefer to polymerise acrylonitrile (CH2 = CHCN) under anionic polymerization conditions.
In this case, the active centre of the propagating species is negatively charged. Hence, it occurs easily with monomers containing electron-withdrawing groups such as nitrile.
Elaborate the structure of natural rubber.
Anionic Addition Polymerization: Styrene undergoes anionic polymerization easily because C6H5 group in styrene is electron withdrawing. It involves following steps:
(i) Chain initiation step:
(ii) Chain propagation step:
(iii) Chain termination step:
Give the monomers and uses of each of the following addition polymers:
(a) Polyethylene
(b) Polypropylene
(c) Polystyrene.
(a) Polyethylene monomer is ethylene. It is a whitish, translucent polymer of moderate strength. It is used for making containers and bottle moulds articles and as an electrical insulator.
(b) Polypropylene monomer is propylene. It is harder and stronger than polyethylene and is used as liners for bags, packing of textiles and foods.
(c) Polystyrene monomer is styrene. It is transparent polymer used for hot drink cups, toys and household articles.
What are linear polymer and branched chain polymers? How do these differ from own linked polymers?
Define a polymer. Write the monomer used for the preparation of dacron. Mention a use of it.
A polymer is large but single chain-like molecule in which the repeating units derived from small molecules called monomers, are covalently linked. The process by which monomers are transformed into a polymer is called polymerization.
The monomers used for dacron is ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) and terephthalic acid (1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid).
It gives a strong fibre hence used to blend cotton in clothing.
Explain with suitable examples:
(i) Natural polymers
(ii) Synthetic polymers.
(i) Natural polymers: Polymers found in nature, mostly from plants and animals, are called natural polymers. Examples are starch, cellulose, proteins, nucleic acids and natural rubber.
(ii) Synthetic polymers: Polymers synthesised by human in laboratory or factory are called synthetic polymers. Examples are polypropylene, nylon-66, polybutadiene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), phenol formaldehyde (Bakelite), polyester (Terylene).
Write the names and molecular structure of the monomers of the following:
(i) Natural rubber (ii) Neoprene.
Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Polystyrene (ii) Neoprene.
What is Buna-S? Name the monomers used for its preparation. Mention its use.
How are low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene manufactured? Why do they differ in their densities?
Low density polyethylene : It is obtained by the polymerisation of ethene under high pressure of 1000 to 2000 atomspheres at a temperature of 350 K to 570 K in the presence of traces of dioxygen or a peroxide initiator. It is chemically inert and tough but flexible and a poor conductor of electricity.
High density polythene : It is formed when addition of polymerisation of ethene takes place in a hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of a catalyst such as triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride (Ziegler- Natta catalyst) at temperature of 333K to 343K and under a pressure of 6-7 atm. It is also chemically inert and more tougher and harder.
Depict the probable structure of vulcanised rubber molecules.
What is vinyl polymerization? Explain it briefly.
The 
group is called vinyl group and many commercial additional polymers are formed by it, therefore the polymerization of the vinyl group is called vinyl polymerization.
In the polymerization process, the monomers are heated with a small amount of initiators or by doing the polymerization in presence of light (Photochemical).
The process can take place in three different ways:
(a) Free radical method.
(b) Anionic addition method.
(c) Cationic addition method.
Write the equation for the synthesis of melamine polymer. Mention one important use of this polymer.
What are additional polymers? Explain briefly with an example.
Which polymer is used for making plastic crockery? Give its monomer, polymerization and uses.
Melamine formaldehyde resin is the polymer used for making plastic crockery. Its monomers are melamine and formaldehyde.
Uses : It is used in making plastic (unbreakable) crockery.
Comment on:
(a) PVC is a hard plastic but polyethylene is soft wax-like.
(b) Addition of sulphur to nutural rubber improves its properties.
(c) Polypropylene is preferred ever polyethylene.
(a) Dipole: Dipole interaction in PVC is absent.
(b) Sulphur develops cross-linking.
(c) Polypropylene is harder and stronger than polyethylene.
What are polyamides? How is nylon-66 synthesised? Give its uses.
Briefly describe the following terms giving one example of each:
(i) Polyolefins
(ii) Polyamides
(iii) Polyesters
(iv) Polydienes
(ii) The polymers having amide linkages in the chain are known as polyamides. Examples are:
(a) Nylon–66 (from hexamethylene diammmine and adipic acid)
(b) Nylon–6 (from caprolactam)
(iii) The polymers having ester linkages in the chain are known as polyesters. Examples are:
(a) Terylene (from terephthalic acid and glycol)
(b) Glyptal or alkyd resin (from phthalic acid and glycol)
(iv) Polymers of this class are synthetic rubber. Examples are:
(b) Buna-S (from butadiene and styrene)
Could a copolymer be formed in both addition and condensation polymerization or not? Explain with examples.
Yes, information of copolymer is possible in both addition and condensation polymerization because the formation of copolymer depends on upon the reaction between two or more different monomer units and not upon the mode of formation of a polymer.
Formation of a copolymer by the reaction of styrene and methyl methacrylate is an example of addition polymerization.
Formation of nylon-66 from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine is an example of condensation copolymer.
What is orlon? Give its method of preparation. Give one of its uses.
Write the equations for the synthesis of:
Polymethyl methacrylate
Also give one important use of it.
Write the equations for the synthesis of:
Polyacrylonitrile
Also give one important use of it.
Write the equations for the synthesis of:
Teflon, Also give one important use of it ?
Write the equations for the synthesis of:
PVC, Also give one important use of it.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride):
It is used in manufacture of rain coats, hand bags, plastic dolls, curtain clothes and vinyl flooring. It is also used as a good insulating material in wires and other electrical goods.
Write the equations for the synthesis of:
Glyptal.
Also give one important use of it.
Discuss the synthesis, properties and uses of polyesters.
Polyesters contain ester linkages. These are the condensation polymers of diacids and diols. Following are the two important polyester polymers:
(i) Dacron or Terylene : When ethylene glycol (ethane–1, 2–diol) is condensed with terephthalic acid (benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid) at 423–473 K, terylene is obtained.
Terylene fibre is very much durable and crease-resistant. It has low moisture content and is not damaged by moths and mildew.
It is used for the manufacture of wash and wear fabrics and also blended with wool (terywool) and cotton (terycot) to increase their resistance to wear and tear. It is also used to prepare seat belt, sails and tyre cords.
(ii) Glyptal or Alkyd resin : The name glyptal refers to all polymers which are synthesised by the condensation of dibasic acids or their anhydrides and polyhydric alcohols like glycerol or glycol.
The simplest glyptal is synthesized d by the condensation of ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
Poly (ethylene phthalate) is an example of a thermoplastic polymer. It is used in making building materials like asbestos and cement and in making adherent paints.
Write the name and structure of the monomer of the following polymer:
Natural Rubber
Monomer of natural rubber
Write the name and structure of the monomer of the following polymer:
Nylon–6,6
Monomers of nylon -6,6 are hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.
(a)
(b)
Write the name and structure of the monomer of the following polymer:
Terylene
Monomers of terylene are Terephthalic acid (1,4 benzene dicarboxylic acid) and ethylene glycol (1,2 ethanediol).
(a)
(b)
Write the name and structure of the monomer of the following polymer ?
Poly-monochlorotrifluoroethene
Monomers of polymonochlorotrifluoroethene.
Write the name and structure of the monomer of the following polymer:
Neoprene.
Monomers of neoprene.
What do you mean by bio-degradable polymers? Give some examples.
Most of the synthetic polymers are inert towards the environmental processes, therefore, degradation reactions leading to change in their properties don’t take place. Because of this reason, many serious environmental problems has originated, mainly the disposal problem of polymer waste.
On the other hand, biopolymers like proteins, starch etc. are degraded easily by enzymatic hydrolysis or by oxidation in biological systems. Therefore, the synthetic polymers having functional groups prevalent in biopolymers and lipids can also be biodegradable. For example, aliphatic polyesters are biodegradable polymers.
Some important biodegradable polymers are: (i) Poly lactic acid and poly glycolic acid: Suture polymers belong to this class. Dextron is a bioabsorbable suture which is made from biodegradable.polyesters for post-operative stitches.
(ii) Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-β-Hydroxyva-lerate (PHBV): PHVB is a copolymer of 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid, in which these two acid units (monomers) are attached by ester linkages.
3-Hydroxybutanoic acid provides stiffness (chloroprene) and 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid gives flexibility to PHBV, therefore, the properties of this polymer depend upon the molar ratio of these acids in synthesis. PHBV is used in orthopaedic devices and in controlled drug release. In environment it undergoes bacterial degradation.
(iii) Nylon-2-nylon-6 is also a biodegradable polymer. It is an alternative polyamide copolymer, made up of glycine and amino caproic acid.
On the basis of their origin polymers are classified as _________ and _______ polymers.
natural
,synthetic
A.
Glyptal is a polymer of phthalic acid and ethylene glycol.B.
Polyethene is a copolymer.C.
Bakelite is an example of thermoplastic polymer.D.
Nylon-6 is a polyamide.E.
Polystyrene is an example of thermoplastic polymer.A.
PHBV and nylon-2-nylon-6 are examples of non-biodegradable polymers.B.
2-chlorobutadiene is the monomer of thiokol.C.
Nylon fibre does not have drip-dry property.D.
Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methy1 butadiene-1, 3.E.
Buna-N and Buna-S both are synthetic rubber.Nylon is a co-polymer of
Urea and formaldehyde
C.
Hexamethylene diamine and adipic acidNylon is
B.
A polyamide fibreTeflon is a polymer of the monomer
D.
TetrafluoroetheneTerylene is a condensation polymer of ethylen glycol and
Benzoic acid
Phthalic acid
Terephthalic acid
Salicyclic acid
C.
Terephthalic acid
Galvanisation
Vulcanisation
Bessermerisation
B.
Vulcanisation
Buna-S is a polymer of
Butadiene and styrene
Butadiene and chloroprene
A.
Butadiene and styrene
Bakelite is a product of the reaction between
Formaldehyde and NaOH
Phenol and chloroform
C.
Phenol and methanalA raw material used in making nylon is
Adipic acid
Butadiene
Ethylene
Methyl methacrylate
A.
Adipic acid
What does PMMA stands for? Give the structure of the monomer.
PMMA stans for Poly(methyl methacrylate). The monomer of PMMA is methyl methacrylate.
Copolymerisation is a polymerisation reaction in which a mixture of more than one monomeric species is allowed to polymerise and form a copolymer. For example Buna -S, which is form by 1,3-butadiene and styrene.
Name the raw material for (i) Natural rubber, (ii) Neoprene.
i) Isoprene
ii)Chloro-1, 3-butadiene.
Name a natural elastomer.
The natural elastomer may be considered as a linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene) and is also called as cis - 1, 4 - polyisoprene.
Give the common and the IUPAC name of the monomer of natural rubber.
The common name of natural rubber is isoprene and the IUPAC name is 2-methyl 1,3 butadiene.
Name a synthetic polymer which is (i) an amide, (ii) a polyester.
i) Nylons 6,6
ii)Bakelite
What is PHBV?
PHBV stands for Polyhydroxybutyrate Co Valerate. It is biodegradable polymer which is used in speciality packaging, orthopaedic devices and in controlled release of drugs.
Write the monomers used for the synthesis of Buna-S.
Buna -S is synthesis by 1, 3-butadiene and styrene.
What are the cross-linking polymer ?
These are usually formed from bi-functional and tri-functional monomers and contain strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains, e.g. bakelite, melamine, etc
Give one example of each (i) Homopolymer (ii) co-polymer.
i) Polythene is homopolymer.
ii) Buna -S is copolymer.
Arrange the following in the order of increasing intermolecular forces:
Thermoplastics, elastomers, synthetic fibres.
In the order of increasing intermolecular forces;
elastomers< thermoplastics < synthetic fibres
Name a substance used for producing free radicals in chain-growth polymerization.
Benzoyl peroxide is used for producing free radical in chain- growth polymerization.
To which class the following polymers belong:
(i) dacron (ii) glyptal?
i) dacron belong to condense polymers.
ii) glyptal belong to condense polymers.
Write the monomers of
(i) Natural rubber,
(ii) Neoprene,
(iii) Thiokol.
i)2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
ii)2-chloro-1,3 butadiene
iii)1,2-dichloroethane with sodium polysulphide
What are co-polymers? Give a chemical equation for the preparation of Buna-S.
In copolymer more than one polymer is allowed to polymerise. Buna -S is prepare by the polymerisation of 1,3- butadiene and styrene.
How is phenol-formaldehyde resin prepared? How can it be converted into bakelite?
When p-hydroxymethyl phenols react with phenol to form compounds, having rings joined to each other through -CH2 groups. This the know as Novolac.
Novolac on heating with formaldehyde undergoes cross-linking to form an infusible solid mass called bakelite.
How is Novolac formed? Explain the reaction with equation.
When p-hydroxymethyl phenols react with phenol to form compounds, having rings joined to each other through -CH2 groups. This the know as Novolac.
Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers
(i) Nylon-6, 6
(ii) PHBV
(iii) Neoprene
|
Polymer |
Name of Monomer(s) |
Structure of Monomer(s) |
|
|
(i) |
Nylon-6,6 |
Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid |
 |
|
(ii) |
PHBV |
3-Hydroxypentanoic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid |
 |
|
(iii) |
Neoprene |
Chloroprene |
 |
After the ban on plastic bags, students of a school decided to make people aware of the harmful effects of plastic bags on the environment and Yamuna River. To make the awareness more impactful, they organised a rally by partnering with other schools and distributed paper bags to vegetable vendors, shopkeepers and departmental stores. All the students pledged not to use polythene bags in the future to save the Yamuna River.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What values are shown by the students?
(ii) What are bio-degradable polymers? Give one example.
(iii) Is polythene a condensation or an addition polymer ?
(i) From the given passage, we can conclude that the students show awareness about the environment.
(ii) A polymer that can be decomposed by microorganisms within a definite period of time, so that the polymer or its degraded product does not cause any harm to the environment, is called a bio-degradable polymer.
For example, (PHBV) is a biodegradable aliphatic polyester.
(iii) Polythene is an addition polymer that is formed by addition of ethene molecules.
(a) Write the mechanism of the following reaction :
CH3-CH2-OH 
CH3-CH2-Br + H2O
(b) Write the equation involved in Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
(a) The reaction proceeds through nucleophilic substitution bimolecular (SN2) mechanism, as shown:
Inversion of configuration takes place during the reaction.
(b) Reimer-Tiemann reaction:
Write the names and structure of the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Buna- S
(ii) Neoprene
(iii) Nylon-6, 6
The monomers of the following polymers are as follows:
Define the term, ‘homopolymerisation’ giving an example.
The addition polymers formed by the polymerization of single monomeric species are known as homopolymers and the process is known as homopolymerization.
Draw the structure of the monomer for each of the following polymers:
(i) Nylon 6
(ii) Polypropene
(i) [NH - (CH2)5 - CO], which is derived from Caprolactam
(ii) Propene is structural formula [CH3 - CH = CH2] of polypropene
What are biodegradable polymers?
A polymer that can be decomposed by bacteria is called a biodegradable polymer. Biodegradable polymers are a specific type of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose to result in natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts.
For example poly-hydroxybutyrate -CO- b- hydroxyl valerate (PHBV) is biodegradable aliphatic polyester.
Mention two important uses of each of the following:
(i) Bakelite
(ii) Nylon 6
(i) Uses of Bakelite
(a) It is used for making combs.
(b) It is used for manufacturing electrical switches.
(ii) Uses of Nylon 6
(a) It is used for making tyre cords.
(b) It is used for making fabrics and mountaineering ropes
Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Buna-S
(ii) Glyptal
(iii) Polyvinyl chloride
|
|
Polymer |
Name of Monomer |
Structure of Monomer |
|
(i) |
Buna-S |
1, 3-Butadiene and styrene |
 |
|
(ii) |
Glyptal |
Glycol and phthalic acid |
|
|
(iii) |
Polyvinyl chloride |
Vinyl chloride |
 |
Give one example of a condensation polymer.
One example of a condensation polymer is Nylon 6,6.
Define thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Give one example of each.
Thermoplastic Polymers: These are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling. These possess intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate between elastomers and fibres. For e.g. Polythene, Polyvinyl etc.
Thermosetting Polymers: These are cross-linked or heavily branched molecules which on heating undergo extensive cross-linking in moulds and again become invisible. These cannot be reused. For e.g. bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins etc.
What is a biodegradable polymer? Give an example of biodegradable aliphatic polyester.
Biodegradable Polymers: A polymer that can be decomposed by bacteria is called a biodegradable polymer.
An example of biodegradable aliphatic polyester is PHBV i.e., Poly b-hydroxybutyrate -co-b-hydroxy valerate
Differentiate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Give one example of each.
Thermoplastic Polymers: These are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling. These possess intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate between elastomers and fibres. For e.g. Polythene, Polyvinyl etc.
Thermosetting Polymers: These are cross-linked or heavily branched molecules which on heating undergo extensive cross-linking in moulds and again become influsible. These cannot be reused. For e.g. bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins etc.
(i) What is the role of t-butyl peroxide in the polymerization of ethene?
(ii) Identify the monomers in the following polymer:
(iii)Arrange the following polymers in the increasing order of their intermolecular forces:
Polystyrene, Terylene, Buna-S
OR
Write the mechanism of free radical polymerization of ethene.
(i) In polymerisation of ethene, the source of free radical is needed to initiate the chain reaction. Such free radicals are usually produced by the decomposition of peroxides like t- butyl peroxide or benzoyl peroxide.
(ii)The given polymer is nylon 6, 6.
Monomers of nylon 6,6 are adipic acid (HOOC(CH2)4COOH)and hexamethylenediamine (H2N(CH2)6NH2).
(iii)Elastomers of rubbers have the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction, while fibres have the strongest intermolecular forces of attraction. Plastics have intermediate forces of attraction.
The increasing order of intermolecular forces of attraction of the given polymers is as follows:
Terylene> Polystyrene > Buna-S
Or
The mechanism of free radical polymerization of ethene.
i) What is the role of sulphur in the vulcanization of rubber?
ii) Identify the monomers in the following polymer:
iii)Arrange the following polymers in the increasing order of their intermolecular forces:
Terylene, polythene, Neoprene
ii) The monomer of PET are Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid :
iii) Neoprene < Polythene < Terylene
Write the names and structures of the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Buna-S
(ii) Dacron
(iii) Neoprene(i) Buna - S
Monomers: 1, 3, - butadiene and Styrene
Structure:-
(ii) Dacron
Monomers: Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid
Structure:
(iii) Neoprene
Monomer: Chloroprene
Structure:
Which of the following is a natural polymer?
Buna-S, protein, PVC
Protein is a natural polymer.
Write the names of monomers used for getting the following polymers:
(i) Bakelite
(ii) Neoprene
(i) Monomers of Bakelite: Phenol and formaldehyde
(ii) Monomer of Neoprene: Chloroprene
Write the structures of the monomers used for getting the following polymers:
Dacron
Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid are the monomer of Dacron.
Shyam went to a grocery shop to purchase some food items. The shopkeeper packed all the items in polythene bags and gave them to Shyam. But Shyam refused to accept the polythene bags and asked the shopkeeper to pack the items in paper bags. He informed the shopkeeper about the heavy penalty imposed by the government for using polythene bags. The shopkeeper promised that he would use paper bags in future in place of polythene bags.
Answer the following :
(a) Write the values (at least two) shown by Shyam
(b) Write one structural difference between low-density polythene and high-density polythene.
(c) Why did Shyam refuse to accept the items in polythene bags?
(d) What is a biodegradable polymer ? Give an example
a) Shyam is a responsible citizen and has moral values.
b)
| LDPE | HDPE |
| It is highly branched structure | It has a linear structure |
c) Shyam refused to accept items in polythene bags because polythene is non-biodegradable and it will accumulate as landfills or if burnt will cause air pollution.
d) A biodegradable polymer which can be easily degraded in the environment over a period of time for example PHBV, Nylon-2-nylon-6
Which of the following statements about low-density polythene is false?
It is a poor conductor of electricity
Its synthesis requires dioxygen or a peroxide initiator as a catalyst.
It is used in the manufacture of buckets, dustbins etc.
Its synthesis requires high pressure.
C.
It is used in the manufacture of buckets, dustbins etc.
Low-density polythene does not use in the manufacture of buckets, dustbins etc. High-density polyethene is used for this purpose.
The polymer containing strong intermolecular forces e.g. hydrogen bonding is
natural rubber
Teflon
Nylon 6,6
Polystyrene
C.
Nylon 6,6
Nylon-6, 6 is a fibre, it contains intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Nylon-6,6 has amide linkage and hydrogen bond are formed between -CONH- a group of successive chains.
The formation of which of the following polymers involves hydrolysis reaction?
Nylon 6
Bakelite
Nylon 6, 6
Terylene
A.
Nylon 6
Formation of Nylon-6 involves hydrolysis of its monomer (caprolactum) in the initial state.
Buna-N synthetic rubber is a copolymer of
and
H2C = CH – CH = CH2
H2C = CH – CH = CH2 and
H5C6 – CH = CH2
H2C = CH – CN and H2C = CH – CH = CH2
H2C = CH – CN and 
C.
H2C = CH – CN and H2C = CH – CH = CH2
Natural rubber has
All trans-configuration
Alternate cis and trans configuration
Random cis and trans configuration
All cis configuration
D.
All cis configuration
The repeating unit in natural rubber has the cis-configurations with chain extensions on the same side of the ethylene double bond, which is essential for elasticity. If the configuration is trans, the polymer is hard plastic.
All cis-configuration.
Biodegradable polymer which can be produced from glycine and aminocapric acid is
nylon 2-nylon 6
PHBV
buna -N
nylon 6,-6
A.
nylon 2-nylon 6
Nylon -2- nylon- 6
It is an alternating polyamide of glycine (containing tow carbon atoms ) and amino caproic acid or 6 -amino hexanoic acid. 
Which of the following organic compounds polymerises to form the polyester dacron?
Propylene and para HO-(C6H4)-OH
Benzoic acid and ethanol
Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol
Benzoic acid and para HO-(C6H4)-OH
C.
Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol
Dacron, commonly known as terylene, is obtained by heating a mixture of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol at 420-460 K in the presence of zinc acetate and antimony trioxide as a catalyst.
Which one of the following is an example of a thermosetting polymer?
A.
Novolac, a condensation polymer of phenol and formaldehyde is a thermosetting polymer. Neoprene rubber are thermoplastic polymers. while nylon-6,6 
is a polyamide which is commonly known as fibre.
Which of these is not a monomer for high molecular mass silicone polymer?
MeSiCl3
Me2SiCl2
Me3SiCl
PhSiCl3
C.
Me3SiCl
Me3SiCl is not a monomer for a high molecular mass silicone polymer because it generates Me3SiOH when subjected to hydrolysis which contains only one reacting site. Hence, the polymerization reaction stops just after first step.
Nylon is an example of
Polyester
Polysaccharide
polyamide
polythene
C.
polyamide
The general structure of any nylon polymer is
Because of the presence of amide linkage, nylon belongs to polyamides.
Which is the monomer of neoprene in the following
C.
Neoprene is synthetic rubber and is a polymer of chloroprene which is chemically 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene.
Which of the following is not condensation polymer?
Melamine
Glyptal
Dacron
Neoprene
D.
Neoprene
Condensation polymers are obtained by bifunctional molecules (monomers) with the elimination of smaller molecules whereas additional polymers are obtained from multiple bonds containing monomers. Neoprene is a polymer of chloroprene (CH2 =C(Cl)-C=CH2) so it is an addition polymer, not a condensation polymer.
Which of the following statements is false?
Artificial silk is derved from cellulose
Nylon-66 is an example of elastomer
The repeat unit in natural rubber isoprene
Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose
B.
Nylon-66 is an example of elastomer
Nylon-66 is a fibre as in it the forces of attraction are H-bonding. All other given statement are true.
Which one of the following sets forms the biodegradable polymer?
CH2 =CH-CN and CH2 =CH-CH=CH2
H2N-CH2-COOH and H2N-(CH2)5-COOH
HO-CH2-CH2-OH and 
and CH2 =CH-CH=CH2
B.
H2N-CH2-COOH and H2N-(CH2)5-COOH
Biodegradable polymers have a tendency to break down and lose their initial integrity.
Of the following which one is classified as polyester polymer?
Bakelite
Melamine
Nylon-66
Terylene
D.
Terylene
Terylene is a polyester polymer because it is formed by the monomer units terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.
Caprolactam is used for the manufacture of
nylon - 6
Teflon
terylene
nylon-6,6
A.
nylon - 6
The structure of some common polymers is given. Which one is not correctly presented?
Teflon
Neoprene
Terylene
Nylon 66
B.
Neoprene
a) Teflon is a polymer of chloroprene
b) Neoprene is a polymer of chloroprene (2-chloro buta-1, 3-diene).
Which one of the following statements is not true?
In vulcanization, the formation of sulphur bridges between different chains make rubber harder and stronger
Natural rubber has the trans-configuration at every double bond
Buna-S is a copolymer of butadiene and styrene
Natural rubber is a 1,4 polymer of isoprene
B.
Natural rubber has the trans-configuration at every double bond
Natural rubber is cis-polyisoprene nd is prepared from latex which is obtained from the rubber tree.
Which one of the following polymers is prepared by condensation polymerization?
Nylon - 66
Teflon
Rubber
Styrene
A.
Nylon - 66
Polymers which are formed by the polymerization of monomers with the elimination of small molecules like NH3, H2O, HCl, CH3OH etc. are known as condesation polymers.
Nylon - 66 is prepared by condensation polymerization
[NH(CH2)NHCO(CH2)4CO]n
co-polymer
addition polymer
thermosetting polymer
homopolymer
A.
co-polymer
-[NH(CH)2NHCO(CH2)4CO]n- is a copolymer because polymers whose repeating structural units are derived from two or more types of monomer units are called copolymer.
Regarding cross-linked or network polymers, which of the following statements is incorrect?
They contain covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains.
They are formed from bi- and tri-functional monomers.
They contain strong covalent bonds in their polymer chains.
Examples are bakelite and melamine.
C.
They contain strong covalent bonds in their polymer chains.
Cross-linked polymer is usually formed bi-functional and tri-functional monomers and contains strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains like melamine, bakelite etc.
Polymer formation from monomers starts by
condensation reaction between monomers
coordination reaction between monomers
Conversion of one monomer into other monomers
hydrolysis of monomers
A.
condensation reaction between monomers
Polymers are obtained by condensation reaction between monomers.
Which of the following fibres is made of polyamides?
Dacron
Orion
Nylon
Rayon
C.
Nylon
Nylon is a polyamide, e.g., nylon - 6,6 nylon - 6 etc.
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