Physical Education Chapter 5 Children & Sports

Lordosis is the inward curvature of spine.It is an increased forward curve in the lumber region.It create problem in standing and walking.

Motor development refers to the development of a childs bone,muscles and ability to move around and manipulate his/her environment.

There are various physical and physiological advantages of exercise for children which are described below:

1. Exercise Controls Weight: Regular exercise helps in controlling weight. In fact weight gain occurs when child takes more calories than the requirement of his body. The unused or excess calories are accumulated as fats in his body. In this way, he starts gaining weight which ultimately leads him towards overweight and obesity.  Regular exercise helps such children in burning excess calories. The more intense the activity or exercise, the more calories they burn. Regular exercise takes the fat away and lowers the excess weight. 
2. Exercise Strengthens Bones: Exercise builds strong bones. As a matter of fact, exercise increases bone density which helps in preventing osteoporosis. If regular exercise is not performed, the bones usually lose their density, become weak, fragile and porous. Hence, exercise is beneficial for strengthening the bones.
3. Exercise Strengthens the Lungs: Exercise is beneficial for children because it enhances the lungs, capacity and their efficiency in inhalation and exhalation. It increases the size of lungs. Tidal air capacity and vital air capacity are increased.So, it can be said that lungs are strengthened and becomes capable to perform various activities for a longer duration.
4. Promotes Changes in the Brain Structure: Exercise changes the brain structure and functions in infants and young children which are beneficial for them. It also stimulates various chemicals which help the children to feel happier and more relaxed.
5. Exercise Strengthens the Heart: Exercise improves the performance and efficiency of heart. The heart responds to exercise by becoming stronger and more efficient. Exercise not only makes the muscles of heart stronger but increases its size also. Exercise helps in increasing stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume and total haemoglobin which ultimately improves the function of heart.
6. Exercise Boosts Energy Level: Regular exercise usually make the children more energetic. It allows them to be more active and provides enough energy to do a number of activities without getting fatigue. Exercise helps in delivering oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. It improves the cardiovascular system to work more efficiently which ultimately boosts the energy level.

Leaders can be trained through physical education are as follows:

1. Appointing as a leader or captain of a team
2. Assigning challenging duties to draw out the qualities
3. Allowing a student to officiate in intramural competition.
4. Appointing the student as members / incharges for various school committees.
5. Entrusting the responsibility of organizing and conducting games.

Motor development refers to changes in children’s ability to control their body’s movements like walking, jogging, running, climbing, jumping, throwing etc.

Factors affecting motor development:

1. Biological Factors: Biological factors are related to the genes. These factors are also known as heredity or genetic factors. The genes which we get from our parents are responsible for various types of development including motor development. The percentage of fast twitch fibres and slow twitch fibres depend on biological factors. In fact, these factors are likely to affect the rate and ability of motor development. These factors are related to body weight, size and strength’ Research studies show that the children with proportionately longer legs, who are not overweight, usually walk earlier than the children with shorter legs.
2. Environmental factors: Environmental factors such as physical and social factors are likely to affect the motor development of children, Research studies indicate that motor development takes place at faster rate in children who are encouraged to explore their surroundings. Generally it is observed that boys are expected to be involved in sports in comparison to girls in most of the society. Boys are encouraged to take part in motor activities. They are given more opportunities to take part in sports activities. Those children, who are not encouraged or motivated towards motor activities have slow rate of motor development. In fact, encouragement, love and security help the child to take risk to explore fearlessly which leads to better motor development.
3. Nutrition: Nutrition is also liable to affect the motor development. Indeed, nutritious food promotes good motor development. Sensory motor development is dependent upon nutrition. If children get nutritious food they get stronger which ultimately leads to good motor development. On the other hand, if children do not get proper nutrition they are found to be less energetic and owing to that their motor development takes place slowly.
4. Physical Activities: Performing regular physical activities’ enhances the motor development at a faster rate. However, the physical activities must be according to the capabilities of children. Those children, who do not perform or practise physical activities regularly their motor development becomes slow lf they do not perform even minor activities, their motor development also becomes so slow that they take a long time for motor development.
5. Opportunities: It is a well-known fact that the children who get ample opportunities to perform more and more physical activities or motor activities are likely to have better motor development. In fact, opportunities to take part in motor activities give a better chance for developing sensory motor activities. If proper opportunities are not given to children the motor development cannot take place in those children properly or there can be slow process of motor development in such children.

1. Control weight 2. Strengthen bones 3. Strengthen heart 4. Boost energy level 5. Prevent joint problem 6. Reduces the chances of chronic diseases

If you look at someone’s back, you’ll see that the spine runs straight down the middle. When a person has scoliosis, their backbone curves to the side.

The angle of the curve may be small, large or somewhere in between. But anything that measures more than 10 degrees is considered scoliosis. Doctors may use the letters “C” and “S” to describe the curve of the backbone.

You probably don’t look directly at too many spines, but what you might notice about someone with scoliosis is the way they stand. They may lean a little or have shoulders or hips that look uneven.

Bowlegs also referred to as Genu Varum or bandiness is a physical deformity which leads to outward bowing of the lower leg in relation to the thigh. The condition makes a person’s knees stay wide apart while standing with feet and ankles together, with the appearance of an archer’s bow. This condition may affect one or both legs. Most people assume the only way to straighten bow legs is by having surgery. We’ve already established that surgery is both risky and expensive to straighten bowlegs specially for adults.

Causes of Round Shoulders: 
1. Round shoulders may be due to heredity.
2. Sitting. standing and walking In bent position may also result in round snoulders.
3 By wearing very tight clothes.
4, Sitting on improper furniture.
5, Lack of proper exercise specially of shoulders may also lead to round shoulders.
6, To become habitual to press the chest. specially at the time of bench press.

i)Infant   (0 to 2 years)
ii) Early Childhood   (2 to 6 years)
 iii) Middle Childhood (7 to 10 Years)
iv) Latter childhood (11 to 12 years)

Spinal curvature deformity is related to spine Deformities of spinal curvature: Lordosis/Scoliosis/Kyphosis.
Lordosis-a posture assumed by some female mammals during mating, in which the back is arched downward.
Kyposis-also known as roundback or hunchback, is a condition in which the spine in the upper back has an excessive curvature. The upper back, or thoracic region of the spine, is supposed to have a slight natural curve.

There are various physical and physiological advantages of exercise for children which are described below:

1. Exercise Controls Weight: Regular exercise helps in controlling weight. In fact weight gain occurs when child takes more calories than the requirement of his body. The unused or excess calories are accumulated as fats in his body. In this way, he starts gaining weight which ultimately leads him towards overweight and obesity. Nowadays a lot of children not only in India but throughout the world are getting obese which is the root cause of various physiological problems. Regular exercise helps such children in burning excess calories. The more intense the activity or exercise, the more calories they burn. Regular exercise takes the fat away and lowers the excess weight. As a matter of fact, exercise is beneficial for children in preventing, controlling and maintaining weight.
2. Exercise Strengthens Bones: Exercise builds strong bones. As a matter of fact, exercise increases bone density which helps in preventing osteoporosis. If regular exercise is not performed, the bones usually lose their density, become weak, fragile and porous. Hence, exercise is beneficial for strengthening the bones.
3. Exercise Strengthens the Lungs: Exercise is beneficial for children because it enhances the lungs, capacity and their efficiency in inhalation and exhalation. It increases the size of lungs. Tidal air capacity and vital air capacity are increased. Even unused alveolus become active. So, it can be said that lungs are strengthened and becomes capable to perform various activities for a longer duration.
4. Promotes Changes in the Brain Structure: Exercise changes the brain structure and functions in infants and young children which are beneficial for them. As a matter of fact, sensory stimulation through exercise is essential for maximum growth and development of the young nervous system. It also stimulates various chemicals which help the children to feel happier and more relaxed.
5. Exercise Strengthens the Heart: Exercise improves the performance and efficiency of heart. The heart responds to exercise by becoming stronger and more efficient. Exercise not only makes the muscles of heart stronger but increases its size also. Exercise helps in increasing stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume and total haemoglobin which ultimately improves the function of heart.

Motor Development refers to the development of a child’s bones, muscles and ability to move around, and react with controlled movements.

Physical Activity is defined as any bodily movement, requiring energy expenditure.

Food Supplement means Nutrients that is added to the diet to nourish body that is not getting in the regular diet. Food supplement includes Vitamins, minerals, Fibers, Fatty Acids or Amino acids among other substances. They can be In the form of powder or tablet.

It is the specific position of a person while sitting, standing, walking, lying etc.

A good posture is the particular state of the body in which our various body parts are properly aligned, they support each other and body can perform more efficiently on the expenditure of less energy.

The curve of the thoracic region of the spine is increased posteriorly or in the backward direction is known as kyphosis.

Lateral bending of the spine from its midline is called scoliosis. Scoliosis are of two type e curve & s curve.

Bending of legs in outward direction just like the bow is known as bow legs in other words legs bend in convex shape.

Bending of legs in an inward direction in a concave shape is known as knock knee. In the knock knees, the gap is disappeared.

Disappearing the long arch of the feet is known as flat feet. In this condition, the mid part of the feet touches the ground.

In this deformity, our shoulders become round & tilt in the forward direction.

The back should be straight, the feet should be properly placed on the ground.

All body parts aligned in such a way to support each other, the back should be straight, body weight is equally distributed on both legs & C.G of all body parts must be near to the imaginary line that passes through the centre of the body.

Risk of injury: Incorrectly and excessive weight training introduce injury and pain in children.

Less flexibility: Weight training reduces the level of flexibility because weight training is mostly practised for the development of strength. So flexibility is reduced due to it.

Maturity: Children should not begin weight training or any other workouts untill they are physically and emotionally mature enough to handle it because it can lead to serious, bony injury or deformities in the children.

The growth of Children: Excessive weight training may cause negative effects on the normal growth of children.

Needs a supporter: Children shall not perform any weight training or workout in case of absence of supporter

Correct alignment of a various body part so, as to support each other.

1. Body Wt. equally distributed on both legs.
2. Good coordination among the various body parts.
3. Less Fatigue.
4. Good balance.
5. C.G. of various body parts lay near to the imaginary line that passes through the centre of the body.

Safety measures should be taken before or during weight training:-

1. Weight training should not be done alone.
2. Warming up should be done before weight training.
3. Proper limbering down should be done after training.
4. Training should be performed under the guidance of a coach.
5. For best results, we should take the balanced and nutritious diet.

Physical exercises provide an opportunity for children to feel healthy and good, be active and have fun and express themselves. Some of the physical benefits of exercise are:-

Health: Exercise encourages growth and development of children’s body that includes developing coordination and movement control, feeling more energetic and maintaining a healthy body weight.

Mental Health: Exercise improves concentration skills and the ability to manage anxiety and stress. It also helps children to feel more confident, happy and relaxed. It improves the self-esteem and self-concept and brings the sense of belongingness amongst children.

Social Skills: The great way of development of social skills like coordination, cooperation, teamwork amongst children. It also helps in developing leadership quality in them. Active children are less involved in anti-social or criminal activities.

Strengthens the Heart and it’s activity:- Regular exercise improves the working capacity of the heart by strengthening the heart muscles and saves the person from various heart diseases. It prevents sugar accumulation in the blood and reduces the risk of diabetes. It regulates the blood pressure and increases the energy level of a person.

Strengthens the Bones and muscles:- Regular exercise enhances the bones mineral density and also keeps them stronger.

Keeps veins and arteries clear:- Exercise helps to enhance blood flow in the body. It helps in Reducing harmful substances, cholesterol and fats from the body. It increases the flexibility of blood vessels and reduces extra weight.

Symptoms of kyphosis:

1. The distance between the scapula increase.
2. The length of the chest muscles become short.
3. Shoulders tilt forward.
4. Neck tilt forward
5. Upper Body Wt. lean forward.

Corrective Measures:- In order to cure kyphosis such types of exercises are suggested, those increase the length of the pectorals and provide strength to the thoracic region such as:

• Reverse bending on the swiss ball
• Reverse butterfly
• Pillow back extension
• Marjaryasana (cat pose)
• Adhomukha svanasana (Down word dog pose)
• Ustrasana (Camel Pose)
• Half wheel pose (Ardha chakaarasana)
• Backstroke swimming.
• Chakar Asana
• Bhujang Asana
• Dhanur Asana

Motor development means “The development of movement and various motor abilities from birth to death”. Motor development is a progressive change in movement throughout the life cycle.

As a matter of fact, the ability to move is essential to human development various motor movements or motor skills are essential for everyday life activities such as walking, sitting, running, jumping, catching or holding, throwing etc. Motor development in children.

1. Early childhood:- The period of early childhood starts from the second year and continue till the sixth year. The motor development during this periods takes place rapidly. It is know as pre-school years.
2. In this period, a child becomes perfect in various fundamental movements such as Running, Jumping, throwing & acquires the ability to unite or combine.
3. Children stride length increases and they develop a more mature running pattern.
4. Proficiency in climbing on ladder become efficient.
5. To hope and gallop skillfully.
6. Fine eye-hand coordination.

2. Middle childhood :- The period of middle childhood starts from 7th year and continues up till 10th year. During this period the changes, which takes place are -

1. Children become more agile
2. Strong desire to engage in various physical movements and activities.
3. Good eye-hand-leg coordination.
4. Better in balance and postures.
5. Motor skills are perfected and stabilized.
6. Coordinative abilities develop at the higher level, while the flexibility develops at the lower level.

3. Late childhood:- The period of late childhood begins from 11th year and continues too 12th year or till the beginning of sexual maturation process. The no of changes take place during this period area.

1. Girls are temporarily taller and heavier than boys because of the earlier onset of puberty.
2. Strength begins to differ among the boys and girls
3. Most of the children are master to most complex motor skills.
4. They learn strategies and more complex combination of motor skills.
5. Running and jumping movements, qualitatively and quantitatively develop at the faster rate. Coaches and teachers of physical education should continue to encourage skill development with an increasing stress on strategies and tactics.

The factors affecting motor development in children are:-

1. Heredity: Genes are the small structure of the body, which are responsible for various types of development of children. The working capacity of all organic systems is dependent on genes. The no. of factors, which are transferred from parents to children are :
   1. Muscle fibres
   2. Length of fibres
   3. Working capacity of the Cardio-vascular system
   4. Bony structure
   5. Inherent chronical diseases
   6. Gender
2. Environment: Encouragement, love & security helps the children to take the risk to explore fearlessly and to know more about their surroundings, which leads to a better sensory development. a healthy environment and inter-personal relationship lead to the good personality of the child.
3. Nutritious food promotes good motor development. Sensory and motor development depends on nutrition that the child gets to a great extent. Balanced nutritious food helps to develop stronger and healthier children.
4. Opportunity for children:- Opportunity to play or gain knowledge give a better chance of developing sensory motor activities. Children get more opportunity to develop agility, balance, coordination, flexibility, strength and speed.
5. Postural Deformities:- Postural deformities may be caused due to some disease, accident or by birth. Children suffering from deformities of posture encounter hinderance in performing normal activity, therefore their motor development is impacted negatively.
6. Sensory Impairment:- Sensory impairment means senses like hearing, sight, speech etc. not functioning properly. Motor development is affected in children suffering from sensory impairment. For example. A child not able to hear faces difficulty to understand and follow instructions, which cause hamper motor development.
7. Obesity:- Excessively overweight and obese children find it difficult to move properly or perform certain finer movements of the body. They become slow and sluggish in movement. Therefore obesity has a negative impact on motor development in children.

1. Physical activity improves mental health:

a. Mental wellness:- Physical activity can relieve tension, anxiety, depression and anger.
b. Improves memory and active mind: Exercise increases the flow of oxygen, which directly effects the brain. Mental brilliance and memory can be improved with physical activities.
c. Improves mental activities: Regular physical activities help in keeping the thinking, learning and judgement skills sharp. It can also reduce the risk of the darker aspect of life.

2. Physical activity improves social health:
a. Physical activity help to improve self images.
b. Promotes enthusiasm and optimism:- Physical activities help a child to promote enthusiasm and optimism for better social recognition in the peer group.

3. Physical activity improves physical health:
a. Stronger immunity: It enhances child’s immune system and decreases the risk of developing any chronic illness and disease associated with the age and maintains quality of life.

b. Improves the functioning of the heart and minimize health related chronic diseases. Physical activities help delay or prevention of heart related chronic illness by improving the working capacity of heart such as controlling the blood pressure good cholesterol, Controlling 2 types of diabetes.

c. Strengthens bones and muscles:- Regular muscle strengthening activities help to increase or maintain the muscle mass and strength. It also helps in improving flexibility of joints. Regular physical activities help to strengthen bones and joints of the body.

d. Maintain healthy weight:- Regular physical activities helps in digestion and promotes regular movements. It also raises the metabolism and helps to lose extra weight easily.

e. Prolonged optimal health: Regular physical activities improve the strength, stamina and ability of organic system in children.

Gross Motor Development involves the development of large muscles in the child's a body such as sitting, walking, running, climbing, jumping etc.

Fine Motor Development involves, the small muscles of the body, specially in the small movements of Fingers and hand such as Writing, Holding, Catching, Smashing etc.