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Indian Constitution At Work Chapter 1 Constitution: Why And How?

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    NCERT Solution For Class 11 Political Science Indian Constitution At Work

    Constitution: Why And How? Here is the CBSE Political Science Chapter 1 for Class 11 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Constitution: Why And How? Chapter 1 NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Constitution: Why And How? Chapter 1 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 11 Political Science.

    Question 1
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    What is meant by the term Constitution?

    Solution
    The constitution of a country is a compact document consisting of the supreme laws of that country which decide the composition, powers and functions of the Government as well as the rights and duties of citizens. It is according to the constitution that the government of the country is formed and its work is conducted.
    Question 2
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    Write any one definition of constitution.

    Solution
    The constitution of a country is adocument consisting of the supreme laws of thatcountry which decide the composition, powers andfunctions of the Government. There are alsomentioned about the rights and duties of thecitizens in it. It is according to the constitutionthat the Government of the country is formedand its work is conducted.
    Question 3
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    Write two main points to express the need of a constitution.

    Solution
    1. A constitution is needed to provide a framework within which a government of the concerned country has to work.

    2. A constitution is also required to check the misuse of power by the different organs of the government as well as different authorities and to convey the fundamental rights to the citizens of the country.

    Question 4
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    What are the main features of the Constitution?

    Solution
    1. It is considered supreme by all theagencies of the Government.

    2. It is mainly concerned with two things:

    (i) Relations among the various organs (i.e.legislature, executive and judiciary) of thegovernment and

    (ii) Relations between the government andthe citizens.

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    Question 5
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    Point out the main points concerning the nature of state according to the preamble to the Indian Constitution.

    Solution
    India is a soverign, secular, socialist, democratic and republic state.

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    Question 6
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    What is the first function of a Constitution?

    Solution
    The first function of a constitution is toprovide a set of basic rules that allow for minimalcoordination amongs members of a society.

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    Question 7
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    What is the second function of a Constitution?

    Solution
    The second function of a constitution is to specify who has the power to make decisionsin a society. It decides how the government will be constituted.

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    Question 8
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    Write that function of our constitution which on one hand set somelimit on our government but on the other hand it favours citizens of the country.

                                                              Or

    Mention third important function of our constitution.

    Solution
    The third function of a constitution isto set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass them.
    Question 9
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    How does a constitution help in fulfilling the aspiration of a society and helps in creating a just society?

                                                   Or

    What is the fourth important function of a constitution?

    Solution
    The fourth function of a constitution is to enable the government to fulfil the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society.
    Question 10
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    Write the Preamble to the IndianConstitution?

                                                          Or

    What are the four main ideals enshrinedin the Preamble to the Indian Constitution.

    Solution
    The Preamble:

    We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India as a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC AND TO SECURE TO ALL ITS CITIZENS:

    Justice, social, economic and political, libertyof thought, expression, belief, faith and worship,

    Equality of status and of opportunity, and to promote among them all.

    Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

    In our Constituent Assembly, this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do here by adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.

    Question 11
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    What is the need and importanceof a constitution ?

    Solution
    The constitution is needed for the following reasons—

    1. The constitution provides a framework within which a Government has to work.

    2. It controls the misuse of power by the government.

    3. It minimises the chances of disputes amongthe various organs of the government as it clearly defines their powers and functions.

    4. It safeguards the fundamental rights of the citizens.

    Question 12
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    Explain the meaning of thefollowing words, 'We, the people of India ...adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.

    Solution
    The above given words declare the freedom of the people of India. It is the people who are stating their aims and giving power to themselves. Although representatives of the people drafted the Indian Constitution. The hopes and the beliefs, of the common people of India are included in it.
    Question 13
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    Explain briefly the meaning of theword 'sovereign'.

    Solution
    Sovereign: A nation is sovereign when it is free in its internal matters and there is no foreign interference. Its external policy is also guided by its own interest and not by any superpower.

    The words 'we the people of India dohereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution' have their own significance.They make it clear that sovereignty in India rests with her people who through their representatives in the Constituent Assembly,have framed their constitution without any external interference, Coercion or surveillance.

    Question 14
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    Explain the meaning of the term orword 'Socialist' keeping in view thePreamble of the Indian Constitution.

                                                            Or

    How do you think that India is aSocialist State? Give reasons.

    Solution
    Socialist:
    1. The word socialist was added to the Preamble to Indian Constitution in1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment. Itsaim was to lay stress on the resolve of a nationto strive for socialism and economic justice that envisages equitable distribution of national income to all sections of the Indian people.

    2. According to this, Government will doevery work for the social and economic progressand welfare of the people and economic inequality should be minimised. Government, will try its best to provide employment opportunities for the people and will ensure equal pay for equal work done by men or women. Besides this, means of production should be nationalised.

    3. According to Socialism the Government will do every work for the social and economic progress and welfare of the people. Every citizen will be provided with equal opportunities to progress in life.
    4. The gap between the rich and the poorhave to be narrowed down so that the benefits of independence are brought to every home and hearth. Likewise, the social disparities will have to be done away with so that all have equal opportunities to shape their future.

    Question 15
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    What is meant by the term'secular'? Is India a secular state?

    Solution
    The word 'secular' was put in the preamble to the constitution through the 42nd Amendment simply to reaffirm the faith of the nation in making the national politics stay above petty religious considerations while showing duerespect to all religions. The term, 'secular' means that the state has no religion of its own. The stateis neither religious nor anti-religions. The state observes complete neutrality in religious matters. India is a secular state. In Indian Constitution from article 25 to 28, the Right to Freedom of Religion has been granted to all the persons residing in India.

    The 45th Amendment lays down that the term'secular' means that all religions carry equal respect and recognition from the state.

    No doubt that India is a secular state. No discrimination is ever made against any individual because of his/her religion. All the people in India, forming different groups, sects, communities, etc. Everybody is equal before law, and enjoys equal rights.

    Question 16
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    Mention two secular elements given inthe Indian Constitution.

    Solution
    The word 'secular' was put in the preamble to the constitution through the 42nd Amendment simply to reaffirm the faith of the nation in making the national politics stay above petty religious considerations while showing due respect to all religions. The term, 'secular' means that the state has no religion of its own. The state is neither religious nor anti-religions. The state observes complete neutrality in religious matters. India is a secular state. In Indian Constitution from article 25 to 28, the Right to Freedom of Religion has been granted to all the personsresiding in India.
    The 45th Amendment lays down that the term 'secular' means that all religions carry equal respect and recognition from the state.
    No doubt that India is a secular state. No discrimination is ever made against any individual because of his/her religion. All the people in India, forming different groups, sects, communities, etc. Everybody is equal before law, and enjoys equal rights.
    Question 17
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    With special references of 42nd and 45th amendment explain the background and meaning of the second 'secular'. How you can claim that India is a secular state?

    Solution
    The word 'secular' was put in the preamble to the constitution through the 42nd Amendment simply to reaffirm the faith of the nation in making the national politics stay above petty religious considerations while showing due respect to all religions. The term, 'secular' means that the state has no religion of its own. The state is neither religious nor anti-religions. The state observes complete neutrality in religious matters. India is a secular state. In Indian Constitution from article 25 to 28, the Right to Freedom of Religion has been granted to all the personsresiding in India.
    The 45th Amendment lays down that the term 'secular' means that all religions carry equal respect and recognition from the state.
    No doubt that India is a secular state. No discrimination is ever made against any individual because of his/her religion. All the people in India, forming different groups, sects, communities, etc. Everybody is equal before law, and enjoys equal rights.

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    Question 18
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    Explain the meaning of the term 'Democratic' with special refernce to India.

    Solution
    The word, democratic denotes that we(the people of India) have chosen democracy as away of life and we will go ourselves through democratic institutions (such as ligislature,responsible executive, free and fair judiciary, etc.)
    The word 'democratic' used in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution, has been used in a wider sense, it does not denote merely political democracy but also social and economic democracy.
    Most of the Indian leaders and world scholars have accepted this universal truth that political democracy has got no meaning unless it is accompanied by economic and social democracy.
    The following Great sons of India from the religions Moniesties hold the post of the President / Prime Minister:
    1. Dr. Zakir Hussain (1967-69)
    2. Mr. Fakhmuddin Ali Ahmed (1974-77)
    3. Giani Zail Singh (1982-87)
    4. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2002-2007)
    5. Dr. Manmohan Singh, (As a PM) (2004 to 2014)

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    Question 19
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    What is a Republic Give example?

    Solution
    Republic: A republic is a nation which has an elected person as the head of the state with no hereditary rights for example the Indian president is elected indirectly. He / She is elected by elected members of the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies for a fixed period of five years.
    The United States of America is also a republic country like India. The President there is also elected.
    Question 20
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    Is India a Republic? Give some points in support of you answer?

    Solution
    Yes, India is a Republic. In India, the head of the state is the President who is elected by the elected members of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assembly for a fixed periodof five years. He / She is not a here with ruler like the Queen or King of England.
    The difference between the position of the President of India and the USA is that in the U.S.A. the President is the head of the Presidential form of democratic Government (He / she is a real head of the executive), in India he / she is the head of the Parliamentary government. In India the Prime Minister and his / her Cabinet is real executive and the President is a nominal head of the State.

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    Question 21
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    What is the main difference between the position of the head of state in India and that of the USA ?

    Solution
    Yes, India is a Republic. In India, the head of the state is the President who is elected by the elected members of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assembly for a fixed periodof five years. He / She is not a here with ruler like the Queen or King of England.
    The difference between the position of the President of India and the USA is that in the U.S.A. the President is the head of the Presidential form of democratic Government (He / she is a real head of the executive), in India he / she is the head of the Parliamentary government. In India the Prime Minister and his / her Cabinet is real executive and the President is a nominal head of the State.
    Question 22
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    Write briefly the meaning of the terms / word Liberty.

    Solution
    Liberty: The word or term Liberty means freedom of individual to live a decent life. It covers freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. Every citizen should be free to hold any belief and express his views freely. Infact, liberty is a condition of life. It makes an atmosphere in which individual citizen can develop his / her personality. The state can create this atmosphere. The state should remove theobstacles for the individual to enjoy freedom.
    In the Preamble to the Constitution andthrough several Articles the Constitution of Indiamakes provisions for freedom of the citizens. Itis stated in the preamble as a goal that the people should have liberty of thought, expression, belief and faith.
    Question 23
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    Explain briefly the meaning of the term Equality.

    Solution
    Equality: There can be no liberty without equality, so the preamble to the Indian Constitution always emphasis on equality along with liberty. As such our constitution has done away with all inequalities based on sex, race, religion, caste, creed or colour. According to Article 14 of Constitution equality of justice is provided and according to Article 15 social equalityis assured. According to Article 16 equality to achieve administrative services is provided and according to Article 17 to eradicate the social inequality the system of untouchability is finished. According to Article 18 all the designations except that of education and military were finished. All these have been mentioned in the Preamble.
    Question 24
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    What do you mean by political and economic justice ?

    Solution
    In the Preamble to the Indian Constitution, the political and economic justice have been described in the following manner:
    1. Political Justice — Political justice means that all the citizens should enjoy equal political rights. In other words, the citizens should have the right to participate in the Government.
    2. Economic Justice — Economic justice means that every citizen should get the opportunity to earn livelihood.
    Question 25
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    What is meant by Preamble?

    Solution
    The Preamble to a Constitution mirrors the spirit of the constitution. The preamble serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the constitution. In short the preamble is a summary of the objectives and the basic philosophy of a constitution. It helps in the interpretation of the constitution. The preamble serves another purpose. It enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down into the preamble.
    Question 26
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    What is Preamble to the Constitution?

    Solution
    The Preamble to a Constitution mirrors the spirit of the constitution. The preamble serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the constitution. In short the preamble is a summary of the objectives and the basic philosophy of a constitution. It helps in the interpretation of the constitution. The preamble serves another purpose. It enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down into the preamble.
    Question 27
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    Write a short note on the'Necessity of a Preamble in a Constitution'.

    Solution
    It is considered essential that every written constitution should possess a preamble. The preamble contains the basic ideals and philosophical postulates of a constitution. The preamble to the Constitution mirrors the spiritof the Constitution. The Indian Constitution also begins with a preamble. Preamble is essential because it serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the constitution. It enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down in the preamble.
    Question 28
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    What is the imporance of preamble inthe consitution?

    Solution
    It is considered essential that every written constitution should possess a preamble. The preamble contains the basic ideals and philosophical postulates of a constitution. The preamble to the Constitution mirrors the spiritof the Constitution. The Indian Constitution also begins with a preamble. Preamble is essential because it serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the constitution. It enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down in the preamble.
    Question 29
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    What is the nature of stateaccording to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?

    Solution
    The nature of the state according tothe Preamble is as — 
    (а) India is a Sovereign State;
    (b) India is a Secular State;
    (c) India is a Socialist State; and
    (d) India is a Democratic Republic.

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    Question 30
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    Describe the four main features of the Indian Constitution.

    Solution
    There are many salient features of theIndian Constitution. Its four main features are — 
    1. It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India.
    2. It establishes a secular state in India.
    3. It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties to the citizens of India.
    4. It establishes a parliamentary form of Government in India.

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    Question 31
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    Why should we respect our Constitution ?

    Solution
    The constitution of a country is a document consisting the supreme and fundamental laws of that country, which decide the composition, powers and functions of the Government. The Government of India is also composed according to the principles laid down in the Constitution of India. The constitution of India lays down what the President of India can do and what the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers can do. It also shows how the different organs of government should relate to each other. For instance, what the executive can do by itself and what should be the relation between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, and also, of course, between them and the ordinary citizens. All these relations are governed by the rules or laws of the Constitution. Thus the Indian Constitution consists of the supreme laws of the land. Therefore it is the duty of every Indian citizens that he or she should respect it.

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    Question 32
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    What is a Constitution? Do you think a constitution is a living document? Why?

    Solution
    Constitution: In simple language, we can say that Constitution is a set of rules according to which the government of a country is run.
    It defines the position and powers of the three organs of the Government - the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. It explains the relations between the Government and the citizens.'' 
    II. A Living Document: Yes, we think that a constitution is a living document. We think so because it must have the capacity to adopt to new conditions as they arise. A constitution remains meaningful as long as it continues to resolve emerging socio-economic problems. Hence to update the provisional of the constitution, amendment are made. Apart from this legislative enactments, judicial interpretations executive orders, customs and usages also help the process of the growth of a constitution.
    Question 33
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    State whether the following inferences about the making of the Indian Constitution are correct or incorrect. Give reasons to support your answer.

    (a) The Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people since it was not elected by all citizens.

    (b) Constitution making did not involve any major decision since there was a general consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework.

    (c) There was a little originality in the constitution, for much of it was borrowed from other constitutions of various countries of the world.

    Solution
    (a) Although the members of theAssembly were not elected by universal suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly a representative body. The members of all religions and social and economic groups were given representation. The Assembly had twenty six members from what were then known as the Scheduled Castes. In terms of political parties, the Congress dominated the Assembly occupying as many as eighty two percent of the seats in the Assembly after the partition. The Congress itself was Such a diverse party that it managed to accommodate almost all shades of opinions within it. So it is incorrect to say that the Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people.
        
    (b) It is correct to say that constitution making did not involve any major decision since there was a general consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework.Constituent Assembly of India could not have functioned if there was no background consensuson the main principles. The best summary of the principles that the nationalist movement broughtto the Constituent Assembly was the objective resolution moved by Nehru in 1946. Our Constitution is not merely a maze of rules and procedures, but a moral commitment to establish a government that will fulfil the promises that the nationalist movement held before the people.
    (c) It is incorrect to say that there was little originality in the constitution though the framers of the constitution were not averse to borrowing from other constitutional traditions. They borrowed a number of provisions from constitutions of different countries. But borrowing these ideas was not slavish imitation. Far fromit, each provision of the constitution was well deliberated upon by the members of the Constituent Assembly. Any idea or feature borrowed, was critically examined about its suitability to the conditions prevailing in India. While drawing upon the ideas from throughoutt he world, their efficacy in attending to the problems and aspirations of Indian people was well considered.
    Question 34
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    Give two examples each to support the following conclusions about the Indian Constitution:

    (a) The Constitution was made by credible leaders who commanded peoples' respect.

    (b) The Constitution has distributed power in such a way as to make it difficult to subvert it.

    (c) The Constitution is the locus of people's hopes and aspirations.

    Solution
    (a) The following two factors move the leaders who made the constitution credible :
    (i) The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by direct election by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies that were established in 1935. The Constituent,Assembly was composed roughly along the line suggested by the Cabinet Mission in which each of the Communities, Provinces, Princely States were represented through an appropriate formula. In addition the Assembly had twenty six members from what were then known as scheduled classes.
    (ii) The members of the Constituent Assembly placed a great emphasis on discussion and reasoned arguments. The very fact that the Assembly met for one hundred and sixty six days, spread over two years and eleven months, brings the home this point.
    (b) The Constitution has distributed powerin such a way as to more it difficult to subvert it. The following two examples illustrate it:
    (i) There is a unique working arrangementof the institutions of the government of the constitution. This arrangement is based on the Check and Balance approach. If one institutiontries to transgress its limit, other two check it.
    (ii) There is well elaboration of the procedure of amendment of the various articles of the Constitution.
    (c) A constitution is the locus of people's hopesand aspirations. The following two features of theIndian Constitution exemplify this :
    (i) The constitution of India has listed certainrights termed as the Fundamental Rights and specially protected them. There is judiciary which has powers and responsibility to protect the fundamental rights by the government and the legislative.
    (ii) The constitution of India incorporates some guidelines called the Directive Principles of State Policy which though non-justiciable have moral force behind them to ensure that government would take them seriously. The government give effect to some Directive Principles has passed several bills of abolition of zamindari system, nationalised banks, enacted numerous factory laws, fixed minimum wages,etc. Such efforts also include the right toeducation, formation of Panchayati Rajinstitutions all over the country, partial right to work under employment guarantee scheme and mid-day meal scheme, etc, which are just the hopes and aspirations of the people.
    Question 35
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    Why is it necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in the Constitution? What would happen in the absence of such ademarcation?

    Solution
    It is most necessary for a country to have a clear demarcation of powers and responsibilities in the constitution. Powers of all institutions like the legislature, the executive and the judiciary and even independent statutory bodies like the Election Commission are demarcated.
    It is to ensure that no single institution acquires monopoly of power. This ensures that even if one institution wants to subvert the constitution, others can check its transgressions.
    For example, in Indian Constitution the principle of check and balance is applied to secure the fundamental rights to its citizens. In the absence of such a demarcation there would be problems to the citizens and the laws will be unjust and unfair. A constitution is to specify who has the power to make decisions in a society.
    It decides how the government will be constituted. In a democratic constitution, it sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never tresspass them.
    The constitution shows how the organs of government should relate to each other. In a federal form of government, the judiciary is given a specific place. It can declare any law unconstitutional or ultra vires if it is not in the tune with the provisions of the constitution. If there was no demarcation of powers in centreand states, there would be a crisis and the federal set up would get strained.
    Question 36
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    Why is it necessary for a constitution to place limitations on the rulers ? Can there be a constitution that gives no power at all to the citizens?

    Solution
    One of the most important functions of a constitution is to set some limits on the rulers.These limits are fundamental in the sense that the rulers may never tresspass them. Constitutions limit the power of the governmentin many ways. The most common way of limiting the power of government is to specify certain fundamental rights. Citizens will normally have some basic rights of liberties: right to freedomof speech, freedom of conscience, freedom of association, freedom to conduct a trade or business, etc. These freedoms of the people could not be checked by the government. But during the national emergency or in national interest these rights may be withdrawn. The rulers orthe government can impose some limitations on its citizens. There can't be any constitution that gives no power to its people. In a monarchical constitution, a monarch decides but in democratic constitutions, the people get to decide. Public mandate is necessary to enact the policies for the rulers. In a dictatorship also the ruler has to get the support of the people to cling to the power as in the case of Pakistan, where General Musharraf Conducts periodic 'referendum' to justify his hold on power. So it is not possible for a constitution to exist that gives no power at all to the citizens.
    Question 37
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    What do you mean by secularism?

    Solution
    I. Meaning of a Secular State: Theterm Secular means that the State has no religion of its own. The State is neither religious nor anti-religious. The State observes complete neutrality in religious matter. India is a Secular State.
    II. India as a Secular: The word 'Secular' has been added in the preamble of the constitution with the 42nd amendment of the constitution in 1976. It means there will be no State religion. Moreover, the State will not oppose any religion. All the religions are equal for the State. Every citizen will have fundamental right about freedom of religion. According to the paras 25 to 28 of the Constitution, Indian citizens can follow any religion, have faith in it and can propagate it. Religion is people's personal matter therefore, State will not interfere in it. It is clearly mentioned in the fourth chapter of the Constitution about the aims and principles of the social and judicial equality. The principles mentioned in this chapter are called Directive Principles of State Policy. These are no called because these provide the important guidance for the Central and the State Governments in India. It is the duty of every Government to follow these principles while making law.
    The following great sons of India from there ligious minorities hold the post of the President / Prime Minister :
    1. Dr. Zakir Hussain. (1967-69)
    2. Mr. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. (1974-77)
    3. Giani Zail Singh. (1982-87)
    4. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. (2002-2007)
    5. Dr. Manmohan Singh (As a PM). (2004-2014).
    Question 38
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    The Japanese Constitution was made when the US occupation army was still in control of Japan after its defeat in the Second World War. The Japanese Constitution could not have had any provision that the US government did not like. Do you see any problem in this way of making the constitution? In which way was the Indian experience different from this?

    Solution
    The Japanese Constitution was made when the US army occupation was still in control of Japan after its defeat in the Second World War(1939-1945). The Japanese Constitution could not have had any provision that the US government did not like. It was due to the fact that'constitution' is a compact document or set of documents that seeks to perform the functions that depend on the interests of the rulers or the interest of the authority in an occupied country. But in the democratic country a constitution expresses the fundamental identity of a people, it gives everyone in society some reason to go along with its provisions.
    The Indian Constitution was made by the Constituent Assembly which had been elected for undivided India. It held its first sitting on 9 December, 1946 and reassembled as Constituent Assembly for divided India on 14 August 1947. India aspires to be a society free of caste discrimination.
    The framers of the Indian Constitution thought that each individual in the society should have all that is necessary for them to lead a life of social dignity and social self respect, minimum material well being, education, etc.
    It was thought that the constitution should be such to enable the government to fulfil the aspirations of the society. The people as a collective entity come into being only through the basic constitution.
    The Constitution of India established a federation with unitary bias. A powerful and independent judiciary was established. Bicamera llegislature was adopted. Constitution has clearly distributed the powers between the centre and the states. Indian citizens have been provided with six fundamental rights and some directions have been given to the Central and the state governments.
    The Constituent Assembly had debated many questions that were relevant to the making ofthe constitution. Our constitutional framers have laid down such a rules and regulations which provide equalities of all sorts i.e. political, socialand legal. The untouchability has been declared as illegal and a punishable affence. Answers forged in those debates were given their final formin the constitution. Indian Constitution is not merely a maze of rules and procedures but a moral commitment to establish a government that willfulfil many promises that the nationalist movement held before the people.
    Question 39
    CBSEENPO11020999
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    Rajat asked his teacher this question: “ The constitution is a fifty year old and therefore outdated book. No one took my consent for implementing it. It is written in such tough language that I cannot understand it. Tell me why should I obey this document?” If you were the teacher, how would you answer Rajat?

    Solution
    Had I been the teacher I would answer Rajat that Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Though our Constitutionis more than fifty years old, it is still not outdated. As it has been amended more than 90 times upto now, so it could not be termed an old Constitutionas it has been modified from time to time.
    This Constitution was framed by a Constituent Assembly. Although the members of the assembly were elected by a restricted suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the assembly a representative body. Members of all communities, classes and regions were given representations in the scheme of the composition of the Assembly.
    In terms of political parties the Congress dominated the Assembly occupying as many aseighty two percent of the seats in the assembly. The Congress itself was such a diverse party that it managed to accommodate almost all shades of opinion within it.
    The constitution was made by credible leaders and its final authority are the Indian People. It is not important that every body is directly consulted for making a constitution. The only possible wayis to form a representative body which reflects all the communities, classes, and regions of acountry.
    The Constituent Assembly which framed our Constitution could be termed as such a body. Further it is not possible to word every provisionin lucid and carry terminology as it may increasethe bulk size of the constitution. A constitutionis at best in codified form.

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    Question 40
    CBSEENPO11021000
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    How is India a Sovereign, Demo-cratic, Republic? Discuss.

    Solution
    (1) India as a Sovereign: The Preamble to the Indian Constitution declares India to be a Sovereign Republic. It signifies thefollowing facts :
    1. India has attained full status of independent statehood.
    2. India is free to conduct her internal and external affairs as she deems desirable.
    3. India is no longer under subjugation of any foreign power.
    4. India's membership of the Common wealthof Nations does not compromise her status as a Sovereign Republic.
    (2) India as a Democratic: India can be called a Democratic State in the following context:
    1. The ultimate source of political and constitutional authority in India is vested with the people.
    2. Periodical elections are held on the basis of adult franchise.
    3.  Equality, the basic principle of a democratic form of government, is adhered too.
    4. Citizens of India enjoy fundamental rights, which are clearly enumerated in the Constitution. These rights are justifiable.
    5. Rule of Law is an essential features of the Indian Democratic State.
    (3) India as a Republic: The head of the state is the President of India. He is elected by the elected members of the Parliament and State Assemblies after every five years (generally). His post is not a hereditary like the King or Queen of England.
    Question 41
    CBSEENPO11021001
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    In a discussion on the experience of the working of our Constitution, three speakers took three different positions:

    a. Harbans: The Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of democratic government.

    b. Neha: The Constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and fraternity. Since this has not happened,the Constitution has failed.

    c. Nazima: The Constitution has not failed us. We have failed the Constitution.
    Do you agree with any of these positions? If yes, why? If not, what is your own position?

    Solution
    In this conversation of three people it has been discussed whether the working of our constitution is fruitful or not:
    (a) In the first position Harbans gave his own impression that the Indian Constitution has succeeded in giving us a framework of democratic government. We know the makers of the Constitution presented to the nation a documentin the form of our Constitution that enshrined fundamental values and highest aspirations shared by the people. And hence it became a living reality. It is a document consisting the supreme and fundamental laws of the country. It decides the composition, powers and functions of the government.
    The government is formed according to the principles laid down in the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India lays down. The powers and functions of the President of India and Prime Ministers with his council of ministers very clearly. It also shows how the organs of government should relate to each other. For instance, what the executive can do by itself and what should bethe relation between the legislature, executive and the judiciary, and also, of course, between them and the ordinary citizens.
    Indian Constitution provides different types of safe guards of liberty to the Indian citizens. Separation of powers, independence of judiciary, fundamental rights, rule of law, etc. are enshrined in our constitution. Democracy has been adopted in India and every effort has been made to strengthen it. In the Preamble (of Indian Constitution), India is declared 'A sovereign,socialist, secular democratic republic'. In the preamble it is mentioned that the aim of the constitution is to provide social, economic and political justice to all the citizens. Adult franchise has been introduced in India. It has been tried inthe constitution to establish a system of ideal democracy in principle. But in practice Indian democracy is suffering from various social and economic evils which have proved a curse.
    (b) Neha was in the impression that the constitution made solemn promises of ensuring liberty, equality and fraternity. Since this has not happened the constitution has failed. It is true that our constitution is a unique document whose main purpose was to accommodate the aspirations of the people of India. But as we see today the unconstitutional activities are increasing. Equality of all its (India's) members,freedom of the citizens is being disturbed by some people who have got power and money. The elections are likely held fair and free but indirectly money and muscle power is used. Some people of criminal antecedents have succeeded in grabbing political power. Political leaders are playing the politics of vote-bank. The court or the judiciary has to interfere in the working of the executive and legislatures. All problems-whether it is terrorism or illegal immigration of foreigners or it is the problem of communal riotsor it is Naxalism—are to be faced more and more. In such a manner it is right to say by Neha that the goals are not achieved and the constitutionhas failed to fulfil the needs of the individuals.
    (c) But as Nazima has said the constitutionhas not failed us. We have failed the constitution. We have not applied our efforts honestly to fulfilthe promises of our citizens as right to work and to gain ful employment, equal pay for equal works, protection against exploitation by individuals, groups or institutions. Still there are 26 percent people who are below poverty line.
    Corruption in politics as well as in public sector is increasing. But all these evils are due to our representatives and the public as they do not fulfil their duties honestly. The citizens should be enlightened as well as be vigilant. They must be active in public affairs and also help the fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of obligations. They should cooperate with the government in all its good works. Eternal vigilance is said to be the price of liberty in democracy; and only enlightened citizens can exercise proper vigilance.
    The citizens should be educated properly and the social and economic inequality should becurbed. Only then the policies given in the constitution may be implemented. Thus we can say that the constitution has not failed us. We have failed the constitution.
    Question 42
    CBSEENPO11021002
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    What are the unique features of Indian Constitution?

    Solution
    The Unique Features of the Indian Constitution:
    1. The Lengthiest Constitution: Indian Constitution is a written constitution. It is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 395 articles and schedules (now 12). It is a book of more than 250 pages.

    2. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policies: In our Constitution Indian citizens have been provided with six fundamental rights. And for the establishment of social and economic democracy and for the welfare of its citizens, some directives have been given to the central and the state governments.
    3. A unique blend of Unitary and Federal Governments: According to the constitution, India has been declared federal and it looks federal but it has the unitary bias. Thus Indian constitution is federal in form but unitary in spirit.
    4. The Fundamental Duties: By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, 10 fundamental duties have been also incorporated in the Indian Constitution.
    5. Blend of Flexibility and Rigidity: The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Some of the articles as change in the name of any state or in the boundaries, etc. are amended by a simple majority of the Parliament.
    Some articles are amended by 2/3 majority of the members of the House present but the clear majority of the total members of the Parliament. But some important articles of the Constitution can be amended by only two-third majority of those present and voting in each House and the resolution has to be ratified by at-least half of the state legislatures.
    Question 43
    CBSEENPO11021003
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    Describe the composition and working of the Constituent Assembly of India.

    Solution
    I. The Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India: A Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution of our country. There were 308 members in it. The Constitution Assembly unanimously elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as its Chairman. Shri B.N. Rai was the constitutional advisor of the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly constituted a Drafting Committee which consisted of seven members Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
    II. Working of the Constituent Assembly : The Constituent Assembly had set itself for the task of preparing a constitution of free India. Itstarted meeting on 9 December, 1946 the Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R.Ambedkar, completed its work on 26 November,1949. The Constitution of India came into forceon 26 January, 1950. When India became a Republic. Every year we celebrate 15 August as the Independence Day and 26 January as the Republic Day.
    The task of Assembly was outlined by Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru in his speech moving the objectives resolution in on 13 December, 1946. In the resolution proposed, the Assembly expressed its firm and solemn resolve to pro-claim India as an Independent Sovereign Republic comprising British India, Indian Princely States and other territories willing to be constituted into the Independent Sovereign India. The Assembly declared that justice : social, economic and political, equality of status, of opportunity, and before the law; freedom of expression, thought,believe, faith, worship, vocations association and action shall be guaranteed and secured to all the people of India.
    Question 44
    CBSEENPO11021004
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    Describe the main features of Indian Constitution?

    Solution
    The Unique Features of the Indian Constitution:
    1. The Lengthiest Constitution: Indian Constitution is a written constitution. It is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 395 articles and schedules (now 12). It is a book of more than 250 pages.

    2. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policies: In our Constitution Indian citizens have been provided with six fundamental rights. And for the establishment of social and economic democracy and for the welfare of its citizens, some directives have been given to the central and the state governments.
    3. A unique blend of Unitary and Federal Governments: According to the constitution, India has been declared federal and it looks federal but it has the unitary bias. Thus Indian constitution is federal in form but unitary in spirit.
    4. The Fundamental Duties: By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, 10 fundamental duties have been also incorporated in the Indian Constitution.
    5. Blend of Flexibility and Rigidity: The Indian Constitution is a blend of flexibility and rigidity. Some of the articles as change in the name of any state or in the boundaries, etc. are amended by a simple majority of the Parliament.
    Some articles are amended by 2/3 majority of the members of the House present but the clear majority of the total members of the Parliament. But some important articles of the Constitution can be amended by only two-third majority of those present and voting in each House and the resolution has to be ratified by at-least half of the state legislatures.
    Question 45
    CBSEENPO11021005
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    Identify any two sources of the Indian Constitution. Describe in brief the provisions which have been taken from these sources.

    Solution
    Indian Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly which was elected in 1946. All the members of this Assembly were Indians who represented all the political parties, though Congress Party was in majority. There was no restriction on the powers of the Assembly and it was authorised to enact any type of Constitutionit liked. The Constitution has been framed after thoughtful consideration which exhibits and fulfilsthe ideals, aspirations, values, wishes and requirements of the Indian people.
    Main Sources of Indian Constitution—1. The Government of India Act, 1935: Indian Constitution is mainly based on the Government of India Act, 1935. This Act had accepted many of the demands of the Indian National Congress i.e., provincial autonomy, parliamentary system, federal system, federalcourt, etc. When we got freedom we were accustomed of the administrative set up under this Act and we changed the provisions of the Act according to our requirement and suitability in the new Constitution. Thus about two-thirds of Indian Constitution is derived from the Act of 1935.
    2. British Constitution: Many of the provisions of the Constitution have been taken from the British Constitution. Parliamentary system is on British pattern except that in India, we have opted for a President as Head of the State, not a king. Our procedure of law making, single citizenship, single integrated judiciary are based on British Constitution. Thus British Constitution is also a big source of Indian Constitution.
    3. American Constitution: Idea of Preamble to the Constitution was derived from the American Constitution. Declaration of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution, provision of Judicial Review are also derived from the American Constitution. Preamble to the Indian Constitution and the position of Indian Supreme Court, and those of American Constitution are similar.
    4. Constitution of Canada: Our Federal structure is similar to that of Canada. Like Canadian Constitution, we have a more powerful centre than the states and have given residuary powers to the Central Government. Our federal system is not based on American pattern.
    5. Constitution of Ireland: Constitution of Ireland had provided for the guidelines to the states. This inspired the makers of the Indian Constitution and they have included the Directive Principles of the State Policy in the Constitution.
    6. German Constitution: The makers of the Constitution were inspired by the Weimer Constitution regarding the emergency provisions and they armed the Indian President with emergency powers to face external and internal emergencies.
    Question 46
    CBSEENPO11021006
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    Write principles taken from the British constitution.

    Solution
    Many of the provisions of the Constitution have been taken from the British Constitution. Parliamentary system is on British pattern except that in India, we have opted for a President as Head of the State, not a king. Our procedure of law making, single citizenship, single integrated judiciary are based on British Constitution. Thus British Constitution is also a big source of Indian Constitution.
    Question 47
    CBSEENPO11021007
    Wired Faculty App

    What do you know about the Philosophy of the Indian Constitution? Discuss.

    Solution
    The Philosophy of the Indian Constitution:
    (1) Carefully study of the preamble to the Constitution of India makes it quite clear that the framers of our country's constitution were not only conscious to frame it for the governance of the country but they were greatly concerned to express their vision for a new society and polity.
    (2) No doubt, there were differences of opinion among the members of the Constituent Assembly while debating upon the high ideals aims and objectives of the Constitution. But ultimately they reached a consensus. It is that element of consensus among the founding-fathers of constitution which reflected in the Preamble of the Constitution.
    (3) Looking at the Preamble to the Constitution, we feel that it has attempted to seta goal provide a vision and direction in building a new social order which is not only democratic but also equal and just. It is a vision which is humanistic, democratic, secular and socialist.
    (4) The Philosophy of the Constitution of India also aim at the projecting fundamental rights and civil liberties of the Indian citizens.
    Thus we may say that the Indian Constitutionis based on the Philosophy of liberal-welfare-democratic society. As these ideals and values ofthe Indian state finds a place in the preamble, we may that the philosophy of the Constitution finds its expression in the Preamble to the Constitution.
    Question 48
    CBSEENPO11021008
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    Write a note on the Constituent Assembly.

    Solution
    (1) The Indian Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly which had been elected for undivided India.
    (2) It held its first sitting on 9 December, 1946 and reassembled on 14 August 1947. Its members were elected by in direct election by the members of the Provisional Legislative Assemblies that had been established in 1935.
    (3) It was composed roughly along the lines suggested by the Cabinet Mission. After the partition those members who were elected from territories which fell under Pakistan ceased to be the members of the Constituent Assembly. The numbers in the Assembly were reduced to 299 of which 284 were actually present on 26 November1949 and appended their signature to the Constitution as finally passed.
    (4) Although the members of the Assembly were not elected by universal suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the Assembly are presentative body. 26 members were from scheduled classes. Members of all religions were given representation.
        
    In terms of political parties the Congress occupied eighty percent seats in the Assembly. Congress itself was a party which had managed to accommodate almost all shades of opinion within it. The Assembly met for one hundred and sixty six days, spread over two years, eleven months and eighteen days. Its sessions were open to the press and the public alike.
    Question 49
    CBSEENPO11021009
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    What are the provisions for social justice in Indian Constitution?

    Solution
    I. Introduction: In Indian society deepand persistent divisions exist between those who enjoy greater wealth and property, and the power which goes with such ownership, and those who are excluded and deprived. In short we can say that social justice is lacking in Indian society.
    II Justice Demands: Justice does not require absolute equality and sameness in the way which people live. But a society would be considered unjust if the differences between rich and poor are so great that they seem to be living in different worlds altogether and if they relatively deprived have no chance at all to improve their condition, however, they may work. In other words, a just society should provide people with the basic minimum conditions to enable them to live healthy and secure lives and develop their talents as well as equal opportunities to pursue their chosen goals in the society.
    III. Provisions made to end social injustice in India: 1. The Constitution of India has declared the wrong practice of untouchability and caste discrimination of any kind is illegal.
    2. The state is supposed to provide equal opportunities for all citizens of India in matter of education or employment.
    3. No one can be prevented from using public facilities like wells, water-tanks, or denied entry into temples, hotels, cinema halls, any restaurants on the gound of caste or religion.
    4. The Preamble to the constitution of India, Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights and some specific sections in the Constitution of India are a proof of the commitment of the state to its people.
    5.India is a welfare state committed to the welfare and development of its people in generaland to the development of the weaker sections in particular.
        
    6. Our Constitution has given special privileges to tribals (Scheduled Tribes), Scheduled castes, other Backward castes and also to women, socially and economically weaker peoples of minorities also. Seats are reserved for differen tweak and backward people in Panchayats, state legislative assemblies, Parliament and in government jobs as well as in educational institutions for their quick progress and speedly development.
    Question 50
    CBSEENPO11021010
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    Differentiate between Parliamentary and Presidential Form of Government.

    Solution
    Differences between Parliamentary and Presidential form of Government are:
    Differentiate between Parliamentary and Presidential Form of Government.
    Question 54
    CBSEENPO11021014
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    Look at the given cartoon. Read the following statement and question. Answer as per requirement.

    Look at the given cartoon. Read the following statement and question. Answer as per requirement.Countries of the European Union tried to create a European constitution. The attempt failed. Here is a cartoon's impression of this attempt. Does this always happen in any constitution making?

    Countries of the European Union tried to create a European constitution. The attempt failed. Here is a cartoon's impression of this attempt. Does this always happen in any constitution making?

    Solution
    No, this does not happen in all constitution making. If a Constituent Assembly is elected directly or indirectly or constituted with the representatives of all sections, groups or interest groups, definitely the attempt of framing the constitution would be successful.
    Question 55
    CBSEENPO11021015
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    Read the given cartoon very carefully then read the following lines and answer the question as required.

    Read the given cartoon very carefully then read the following lines and answer the question as required.The constitution makers have to address themselves to very different aspirations. Here is Nehru trying to balance between different vision and ideologies. Can you identify what there different groups stand for? What do you think what prevailed in this balancing act?

    The constitution makers have to address themselves to very different aspirations. Here is Nehru trying to balance between different vision and ideologies. Can you identify what there different groups stand for? What do you think what prevailed in this balancing act?

    Solution
    The people of different religions,cultures, castes and regions having different preferences: liberal nationalists and radical or staunch nationalists are two groups of the people in this picture or cartoon are being referred.
    Both songs - (i) Jan Gan Man.................and  (ii) Vande matarams were accepted as national heritage. The first is our national anthem and the second one is our national song. Except some orthodox people of one faith, having some reservation for the second song, all the Indians show respect and sing both the song. But as far as the first song is concerned, i.e. our national anthem always starts and ends our all national festivals and similar ceremonies. India is a secular, liberal democratic country. A great country in the world. Believes and protect unity in diversity.
    Question 57
    CBSEENPO11021017
    Wired Faculty App

    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.

    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.Why does the cartoonist describe the new Iraqi Constitution as the castle of cards? Would this description apply to the Indian Constitution?

    Why does the cartoonist describe the new Iraqi Constitution as the castle of cards? Would this description apply to the Indian Constitution?

    Solution
    The cartoonist describe the new Iraqi constitution as the castle of cards because it is being prepared by pro- U.S. A people. The Constituent Assembly of Iraq is not representing the all ethnic groups of that countries.
    The imposed constitution will scattered as the castle of cards.
    This description does not apply to the Indian Constitution because the Indian Constitution was prepared by the representatives of the people, was formed after long discussion and inter-actionss among different groups and in massmedia. Moreover it was accepted by the people of India. It was not an imposed document. Secondly, it is a living document. It had been amended by the representatives of the people from time to time, according to aspirations, justice and needs of the society or the country.
    Question 58
    CBSEENPO11021018
    Wired Faculty App

    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.

    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.An article of faith    Much before the Constituent Assembly finally came into being, the demand for such an assembly had already been made. This was echoed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad in his first address as the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of India on 9 December 1946. Rajendra Prasad quotes Mahatma Gandhi that swaraj would mean wishes of the people as expressed through their freely chosen representatives. He said  "........... the idea of a Constituent Assembly  had come to prevail largely as an article offaith in almost all the politically-mindedclasses in the country."(i) What is the meaning of the word / term "Swaraj" according to Mahatma Gandhi?(ii) Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?(iii) Who is the great icon personality being shown (without cap) in the picture? Write one very important sentence about him.(iv) What was uttered by the great man, wearing cap in the cartoon, in the above passage?

    An article of faith

        Much before the Constituent Assembly finally came into being, the demand for such an assembly had already been made. This was echoed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad in his first address as the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of India on 9 December 1946. Rajendra Prasad quotes Mahatma Gandhi that swaraj would mean wishes of the people as expressed through their freely chosen representatives. He said  "........... the idea of a Constituent Assembly  had come to prevail largely as an article offaith in almost all the politically-mindedclasses in the country."

    (i) What is the meaning of the word / term "Swaraj" according to Mahatma Gandhi?

    (ii) Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?

    (iii) Who is the great icon personality being shown (without cap) in the picture? Write one very important sentence about him.

    (iv) What was uttered by the great man, wearing cap in the cartoon, in the above passage?

    Solution
    (i) According to Mahatma Gandhi Swaraj would mean wishes of the people as expressed through their freely chose representatives.
    (ii) Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
    (iii) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar. He was the Chairperson of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constiution.
    (iv) Dr. Rajender Prasad (the great  personality with cap) said ..... the idea of a  Constituent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically-minded classes in the country. 
    Idea of a Constituent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically-minded classes in the country.
    Question 59
    CBSEENPO11021019
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    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.

    Read and study very carefully the given cartoon and the following sentences along with question/questions and answer them.1. Cartoonist's impression of the 'snail' space' with which the Constitution was made. Making of the Constitution took almost three years. Is the cartoonist commenting on this fact?  2. Why do you think, did the Constituent Assembly take so long to make the Constitution?

    1. Cartoonist's impression of the 'snail' space' with which the Constitution was made. Making of the Constitution took almost three years. Is the cartoonist commenting on this fact? 

    2. Why do you think, did the Constituent Assembly take so long to make the Constitution?

    Solution
    1. Yes, the cartoonist connecting on this fact that the work of francy the Indian Constitution took almost three years. The speed of the Constituent Assembly was very slow.
    2. I think, the Constituent Assembly took so long to make the constitution due to following reasons:
    (i) The people of different principles, ideologies, groups, religions, regions and having preferences discussed each and every thing thoroughly and they tried to have public opinion and to welcome the different opinion.
    (ii) Several provisions were borrowed from constitutions of different countries. The Indian experts and scholars tried to give it original shape as far as possible according to India's needs and environment.
    (iii) India's Constitution is the largest written constitution in the world.

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