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Arrange the following in chronological order
1)
China’s accession to WTO
2)
Establishment of the EEC
3)
Establishment of the EU
4)
Birth of ARF
1)
Birth of ARF
2)
China’s accession to WTO
3)
Establishment of the EEC
4)
Establishment of the EU
B.
A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative1. To evolve regional solutions to their historical enmities and weaknesses.
2. To develop alternative institutions and conventions to build a more peaceful and cooperative regional order.
3. To transform the countries in the region into prosperous economics.
(i) To accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development.
(ii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nation’s Charter.
(iii) Later on its objectives were broadened and thus in 2003, three pillars i.e., the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community were established. The objective of ASEAN Security Community is to uphold peace so that outstanding territorial disputes are not escalated into armed confrontations.
|
Command economy |
Present economy |
|
(i) After the communist revolution, the economy was based on the Soviet Model. |
(i) China introduced a market economy and opened their economy step by step. |
|
(ii) China severed its links with the capitalist world. |
(ii) By 1978 China followed the ‘open door’ policy and introduced economic reforms. |
|
(iii) It used its own resources and depended on Soviet aid and advice. |
(iii) Investments of capital and technology from abroad was encouraged. |
|
(iv) The object was to create state-owned heavy industries sector from the capital accumulated from agriculture. |
(iv) Policy of privatisation ofagriculture(I982), of industry (1998) was followed. Trade barriers were removed. |
| (v) China was short of foreign exchange that it needed in order to buy technology and goods from the world market. So it decided to substitute imports by domestic goods. | (v) China has now large foreign exchange reserves that is used to make big investment in other countries. |
|
(vi) As a result of this economy China was able to establish the foundations of an industrial economy. |
(vi) As a result of this economy there is rise in agricultural production and rural incomes. There is significant rise in rural industry. |
|
(vii) Economy grew at a respectable rate of 5-6 per cent. But industrial production did not grow fast, international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low. |
(vii) The economy has grown at a faster rate. There is phenomenal rise in foreign trade. China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment. |
1. Marshall Plan : Under this plan, America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy.
2. NATO : America created NATO as a new collective security structure.
3. OEEC : Under Marshall Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to channel aid to the West European states. It encouraged cooperation on trade and economic issues.
4. Council of Europe : It was established in 1949 for political cooperation.
5. European Economic Community. It was formed in 1957.
6. European Parliament : Economic integration took political dimension in the form of European Parliament.
7. European Union : The disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991 led to formation of European Union in 1992. Its aim was to have a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs, and the creation of a single currency.
1. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
2. It has forum of a foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
3. The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005 slightly larger than that of the United States.
4. Its currency, the euro, poses a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
5. Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States. Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
6. It role as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as the World Trade Organisation.
7. It has political and diplomatic influence. Two members of EU–Britain and France-are permanent members of UN Security Council. Some of its members are non-permanent members of UN Security Council. Its use of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations rather than coercion have been more effective in dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation.
8. Its military power is the second largest in the world. Britain and France have nuclear arsenals.
9. It is the world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.
Thus, as supranational organisation, the EU is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas of the world.
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(i) Differences originated from the Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1950 and the final settlement of the Sino-lndian border.
(ii) Border conflict of 1962 over competing territorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai Chin region in Ladakh.
These issues could be resolved through following :
(i) The contentious issues between the two countries can be resolved by holding talks which have been initiated in 1981.
(ii) Both India and China are rising powers in global politics and should play major role in the Asian economy and politics. Thus, both the powers should try to settle the various issues on the basis of the principles of “Panchsheel” that was accepted by their leaders in 1954.
(ii) ASEAN : Association of South East Asian Nations.
Three pillars are – the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.
(i) Name two countries from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
(ii) Why was the process of acquiring new members particularly from the erstwhile Soviet bloc was not easy ?
(ii) The process of acquiring new members from the erstwhile Soviet block was not easy because people in many countries were not very enthusiastic in giving EU, the powers that were exercised by the government of their own country.
| A. April 1951 | (i) European Economic Community |
| B. March 1957 | (ii) European Union |
| C. June 1985 | (iii) European Coal and Steel Community |
| D. Feb. 1992 | (iv) Schengen Agreement |
A. April 1951 | (i) European Coal and Steel Community |
B. March 1957 | (ii) European Economic Community |
C. June 1985 | (iii) Schengen Agreement |
D. Feb. 1992 | (iv) European Union |
Its responsibility was to carry out coordination of security and foreign policy.
(i) Which India's policy this cartoon refers to ?
(ii) What is the significance of this policy ?
(ii) ‘Look East’ policy of india since 1991 has led to greater economic interaction with the East Asian nations such as ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea.
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1. The European Union is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas. The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005.
2. It functions as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as World Trade Organisation.
3. Its two members – France and Britain – are permanent members of UN Security Council. Some of its members are non-permanent members of UN Security Council. This has enabled the European Union to influence US policies such as current US position on Iran’s nuclear programme.
4. EU also has the second largest army in the world with two of its member having nuclear arsenals.
However, there are differences too among its members. For example in case of the Iraq’s invasion some members supported the US led ‘coalition of the willing’ while Germany and France were against this policy. Denmark and Sweden had resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the Euro. This limits the ability of the Union to act in matters of foreign relations and defence.
2. The objectives of the ASEAN Economic Community are to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN states and to aid social and economic development in the region.
3. It also likes to improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes.
4. ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area for investment, labour and services. The US and China have too moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN.
(ii)It has followed a policy of negotiations over conflicts in the region. ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis, and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
(iii)The current economic strength of ASEAN, especially its economic relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies makes this an attractive proposition. India has signed FTAs with two ASEAN members, Singapore and Thailand.
(iv)ASEAN’s strength lies in its policies of interaction and consultation with member states, with dialogue partners, and with other non-regional organisations. It is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries and the major powers can discuss political and security concerns.
1. Major policy decisions in the 1970s: China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972.
2. Four modernisations : In 1973 Premier Zhou Enlai proposed modernisation of agriculture, industry, science and technology and military.
3. Open door policy : By 1978 Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms in China to generate higher productivity by foreign capital investment and technology.
4. Privatisation : The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998. Trade barriers were removed in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises.
(i) Remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural income.
(ii) Growth in rural industry.
(iii) Rise in foreign trade.
(iv) Large foreign exchange reserves.
Negative outcomes :
(i) Unemployment has risen with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
(ii) Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as were in Europe in 18th and 19th centuries.
(iii) Environmental degradation and corruption have increased.
(iv) There is rise in economic inequality between rural and urban residents and coastal and inland provinces.
1. Great powers : Before the advent of western imperialism both were great powers. However, there was limited interaction between the two and neither country was very familiar with the other.
2. Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai: After independence for a brief period the two countries came closer and the slogan Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai became popular.
3. Tibet (1950) and border conflict (1962) : Chinese takeover of Tibet (1950) and border conflict (1962) had negative effect on relationship. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976.
4. Change in China’s political leadership : After the change in political leadership the policy have become more pragmatic and less ideological. A series of talks to resolve the border issue were initiated in 1981.
5. Rajiv Gandhi’s China visit and its outcomes : Rajiv Gandhi’s visit in December 1988 had improve the relations. Measures to maintain peace have been taken. Various agreements for cooperation have been signed. India-China trade has been growing at 30 percent per year since 1999. It is hoped that more positive and sound relationship will be established in future.
6. WTO: Globally, both China and India have adopted similiar policies in this international institution.
1. More countries should be encouraged to join the ASEAN for better cooperation in the region.
2. Its objectives should be broadened, so that its members may come more closer to each other.
3. Like the European Union, it should have supranational structures and institutions such as common currency, a common parliament, a common market and a common foreign and security policy.
4. There should be no restrictions on people for movement from one state to another.
5. The existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to resolve economic disputes should be improved.
6. ASEAN too should have security dimension in terms with NATO.
Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions:
(i) Which country does the given cartoon refer to ?
(ii) Identify the two symbols in this cartoon which have given you the clue about the related country.
(iii) Where does the cartoon place the related country in the international power politics ?
(i) China.
(ii) The Great Wall and the Dragon.
(iii) The cartoon depicts China’s economic rise. It is projected to overtake the US as the World’s largest economy by 2040.
Analyse the political impact of hegemony of the U.S. on the world.
OR
Analyse any three factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional organization.
Political Impact of the US Hegemony on the World :
(i) The US today spends more on its military capability from the next 12 powers combined.
(ii) Most of the other countries that are big military spenders are US friends and allies.
(iii) The US Hegemony is reflected in the role played by the US in providing global public goods.
(iv) The US also accounts for 15 percent of world trade.
(v) World Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation are viewed as the products of American hegemony.
(vi)The US is the most seductive and most powerful culture on earth.
(i)The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of than $12 trillion in 2005 slightly larger than that of the United States.
(ii)Its currency, the Euro can pose threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
(iii)Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
(iv)Its two members Britain and France hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council.
(v)The EU’s combined Armed Forces are the second largest in the world.
(vi)Its two members Britain and France also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear war-heads.
Under which plan did U.S.A. extend financial support for reviving Europe's economy after the Second World War?
Under the Marshall Plan.
What is meant by the ASEAN way? Mention any two of its objectives.
ASEAN way is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.
The objectives:
(i) To accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social progress and cultural development.’
(ii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of UN charter.
Correct the following statement and rewrite: ASEAN stands for “Association of South East African Nation”.
ASEAN stands for “Association of South East Asian Nation”.
When was the ASEAN Regional forum established? What was it main objective?
ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994. The main objectives of ARF was to accelerate economic growth and through that achieve social progress and cultural development.
In the European Union Flag, what does the symbols of ‘twelve gold stars in a circle’ signify?
The circle of gold stars stands for solidarity and harmony between the peoples of Europe.
What led to the evolution of the European Union from an economic union to an increasingly political one?
The EU has started to act more as a nation state.
(i) European integration after 1945 was aided by the cold war. Under the Marshall plan, the OEEC was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European states.
(ii) The process acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament.
(iii) The foundation was thus laid for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs, and the creation of a single currency.
(iv) The collapse of the Soviet bloc had put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of the European Union in 1992.
How has the European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one?
The EU has started to act more as a nation state.
(i) European integration after 1945 was aided by the cold war. Under the Marshall plan, the OEEC was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European states.
(ii) The process acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament.
(iii) The foundation was thus laid for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs, and the creation of a single currency.
(iv) While the attempts to have a Constitution for the EU have failed still it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
In which four ways did the new economic policy of China benefit its economy ?
Four ways:
i. Break from economic stagnations
ii. Privatised the agriculture
iii. New trading laws and creation of special economic zones.
iv. High personal savings in the rural economy led to an exponential growth
Describe the economic and political influence of the European Union on other countries.
The Economic and Political Influence:
(i) European Union is the world’s biggest economy.
(ii) Its currency, the Euro poses a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
(iii) Two members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the UN Security Council.
(iv) It is also the world’s second most important source of space and comunications technology.
Study the Cartoon given below and answer the following questions:
(20.1) Why has the bicycle been chosen to represent China.?
(20.2) What do the symbols within the two wheels stand for? Which two economic ideologies do the symbols represent?
(20.3) What message does the cartoon convey?
(20.1) The symbol of the bicycle has been used to represent China because China is the largest user of bicycles in the world.
(20.2) (a) The symbol in the front wheel is the hammer and sickle which is the symbol of the Chinese Communist Party. The symbol in the rear wheel represents the dollar, the currency of the capitalist world.
(b) The first symbol represents the Communist ideology and the second represents the Capitalist ideology.
(20.3) It conveys the duality in China, the blend of Communist government and capitalist economy.
What was the main objective behind china’s adoption of the Soviet model of economy ? In which two ways was China benefitted by it ?
The main objectives behind China’s adoption of the Soviet model of economy were:-
(i) To create a state-owned heavy industries sector from the capital accumulated from agriculture.
(ii) As it was short of foreign exchange that it needed in order to buy technology and goods on the world market, China decided to substitute imports by domestic goods.
China has benefited by it in many ways:-
(i) This model allowed China to use its own resources to establish the foundations of an industrial economy that did not exist before.
(ii) Employment and social welfare was assured to all citizens. (iii) China moved ahead of most developing countries in educating its citizens and ensuring better health for them.
Analyse any three major factors responsible for evolving the European Union
from an economic union to a political one.
Major Factors
(i) The European Union has its own flag, anthem founding date and currency.
(ii) The E.U. has tried to expand the areas of cooperation.
(iii) Many new countries especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc have joined the E.U.
(iv) The E.U. has economic, political, diplomatic and military influence.
(v) It has some form of common security policy in dealing with other nations.
What does the logo on the ASEAN flag symbolise?
The logo of ASEAN flag symbolises that the ten stalks of paddy represent the ten South-East Asian countries bound together in friendship and solidarity. The Circle represents the unity of ASEAN.
Assess the role of ASEAN as an economic association
Role of ASEAN as an economic association
i) The economy of ASEAN region is growing much faster than that of the US, EU and Japan.
ii) This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.
iii) ASEAN is trying to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN States.
iv) A mechanism is being evolved to settle and resolve the economic disputes.
v) ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area for investment, labour and services.
vi) It’s vision 2020 defined an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
vii) The current economic strength of ASEAN is being a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China. Singapore and Thailand.
viii) Two ASEAN members signed FTA with India.
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