Physical Education Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics & Sports

Renewable resources are those natural resources which are filled again naturally such as sunlight,air and wind etc,these natural resources are persistenty available and their quantity is not usually affected by human consumption.

Differences between walking and running:
1. There is a double support phase during running whereas,there is a double support phase during walking.
2. In running the swing phase is longer whereas, stance phase is longer in walking.
3. In running, there is floating phase but it is absent in walking.
4.The linear and angular velocity of lower extremity is faster in running but slower in walking.
5. In running the required range of motion is greater whereas it is required less in walking.
Mechanical analysis of running;
1. Stance phase:The stance phase is that phase is which the foot is in contact with the ground. This phase can be divided into the four stages which are described below:
a) Initial contact stage: This stage begins at the moment when both feet are off the ground.Suppose the left leg remains in the front and  about to touch the ground.The moment, when the foot touches the ground is called as initial contact stage.
b) Braking or absorption stage: When the left foot makes the initial contact to the ground in your front,your body starts performing a controlled landing.The left knee and ankle flex and the left foot rolls to absorb forces.It is called braking or absorption stage.
c) Midstance stage: The braking or absorption stage continues until the left leg is directly under the hip  taking maximum load as the boby weight passes over it.
d) Propulasive stage: Propulsive stage occurs when the supporting leg or left foot leaves the ground and propel your body in forward direction.Propulsion is achieved by your left ankle, knee and hip all extending to push the body up and forward using the elastic energy stored during the absorption phase.
2. Swing phase: Swing phase is initiated with toe off of left foot and ends with intial contact stage with right foot. The swing phase is longer in running in comparison to stance phase.

The angle of 45 degree is the best angle for achieving maximum distance.

Without regular physical activity, the body slowly loses its strength, stamina and ability to function well. And for each hour of regular exercise you get, you’ll gain about two hours of additional life expectancy, even if you don’t start until middle age. Moderate exercise, such as brisk walking, for as little as 30 minutes a day has the proven physical health benefits listed above as well as:

• Improves blood circulation, which reduces the risk of heart disease
• Keeps weight under control
• Helps in the battle to quit smoking
• Prevents bone loss
• Boosts energy level
• Helps manage stress
• Helps you fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly
• Increases muscle strength, increasing the ability to do other physical activities

1. Food material and cooking utensils 2. Clothing 3. First Aid Box 4. Sleeping Bags 5. Pair Of Shoes And Socks 6. Rope 7. Windcheater In Rainy Season 8. Candle Or Flash Light 9. Matchbox 10. Chalk 11. Soap 12. Paper Dishes, Safety Pins 13. Tent 14. Mattress 15. Stove 

linear movement refers to any movement along a straight line in one direction.

1. Pushing against the wall 2. Holding pushup position 3. Standing straight with holding barbells/dumbbell.

Linear motion is any motion that moves along a straight line in one direction. The direction can either be horizontal, vertical or inclined direction. Example, approach run. Angular motion is rotatory motion, it occurs when all points on a body or object move in a circular path about the same fixed central line or axis. A child swings and rotations in hammer throw are the best example.

Two components of wellness:
(a) Emotional Wellness; Emotional wellness is also one of the important components of wellness. It lays stress on reducing stress and tension. For improving emotional well ness, an individual should avoid overload, watch comedy films, keep busy in recreational activities. He should keep distance from sadistic company. He should learn to laugh heartily. He should take anger and stress management activities.
(b) Social Wellness; Social wellness lays stress on improving social and communication skills of an individual. For developing and improving social well ness, an individual should create positive and lasting first impression. He should be riistinguished. He should earn respect. He should try to speak in public. H'3 should make others feel important. He should pay usual visits to neighbours and friends.

Three Essential Elements of Positive Sports Environment
(i) Normal Climatic Conditions. For positive sports environment, there should be normal climatic conditions. Although it differs from sports to sports yet these conditions play their own role. To practice in extreme heat, cold and humidity may be harmful to sportspersons. Sportspersons should not do practice in such extreme environment. They should do their practice in the early morning or late evening during hot seasons. During winter season, they should use indoor stadiums. Extreme heat and cold conditions may cause the heat stroke, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and frost bite, etc. So, they should practise in normal climatic conditions.
(ii) Culture and Tradition of Society. Cultures and traditions of society playa vital role in creating sports environment. Usually, it has been observed that people take directions established by the cultures and traditions. The people excel in that specific sport which is preferred by the society. For example, Japan, South Korea, China, usually, excel in Table Tennis. Hockey is preferred in Punjab and Football is preferred in West Bengal. This is merely owing to the culture and tradition of the society. In fact, culture and ' tradition creates a positive sports environment.
(iii) Drugs, Tobacco and Alcohol Free Environment. It is also an important as well as essential element of positive sports environment. The coaches, parents, spectators, players and other officials should refrain from drugs, alcohol and tobacco. They should try to promote positive sports environment by refraining themselves from such substances.

i) Round shoulder.
ii) Spinal curvature.
a. Khyphosis
b. Lordosis
c. Scoliosis
iii) Knock-Knees
iv) Bow legs
v) Flat foot

i) Gravitational force 
ii) Air Resistance
iii)Initial velocity
iv)Spin 

Types of friction
i)Static friction
ii)Dynamic friction
a)Sliding friction
b)Rolling friction Friction : advantageous or disadvantageous with example. Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is essential in games and sports. Without friction we cannot give a better performance for example athletes use spikes and football players use studs to have appropriate friction, without friction they are unable to run fast. Even gymnasts use lime powder on their palms to perform on horizontal bar, Uneven bar and roman rings. On the other hand friction is disadvantageous in some games. In cycling there should not be more friction between road and the tyres of the cycle. If there is more friction there will be more wastage of energy of the rider and leads to damage of equipments.

Dynamic friction is the force of friction which come into play when a body moves over the surface of another body.
1) Sliding Friction
2) Rolling Friction

In running a time comes when both the feet are off the ground
which is called float phase, while in walking one foot is always
in contact with the ground.

The mechanical analysis of walking helps to improve the techniques of players and it also instrument for better performance.
1. Mechanical Analysis of Walking divided into two phases :-
Stance phase is the Period, when the foot is on the ground. It is
considered that it consists of maximum percentage of walking
cycle. For the part of stance phase. Both the feet have a contact
with the ground for a period of time. The stance phase of walking
is divided into five stages.
Heel strike:- This stage begins when the feet first touche the
ground and continuous until the complete foot is on the ground
i.e. early flat foot stage.
 Early Flat Foot:- The starting of this stage is that movement
when the complete foot is on the ground and early flat foot stage occurs when the body’s centre of gravity passes over the top of the foot. The centre of gravity of the body is locate approx. in the pelvic area of the lower spine while walking. The main puppose of this stage is to allow the foot to act as a shock absorber.
 Late Flat Foot:- An athlete comes into late flat foot stage when his body’s centre of gravity passes in front of ‘neutral’ position.This stage lasts when the heel lifts of the gorund. During this stage the foot needs to go from being a shock absorber to being a rigid lever which can help to people the body in forward direction.
 Heel Rise:- This stage starts when the heel begins to leaves the ground. The foot functions are a rigid lever to move the body in forward direction. During this stage of walking, the ground forces
that go through the foot are very significant.

Toe-off : - When the toes leave the ground completely. This stage
continous untill the beginning of swing phase.
2. Swing Phase:- It occurs when one foot is on the ground and
other one is in the air swing phase in walking is than the stance
phase. It is divided into three phase.
 Initial swings:- This phase sees the hip extended to 10O and
then going onto flexion and knee flexed to 40-60O and the Ankle
changing it’s position from the flexion to neutral.
 Mid Swing:- This phase see the hip extended to 30O the knee
flexion till 60O and extended approx to 30O and ankle become
dorsiflexed.
 Terminal Swing:- This phase is the hip flexed till 30O and knee
is locked extension and foot changes its position from dorisflexed
to neutral.

The flight path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.

Sort biomechanics is the study of forces and stresses of human movement and their effects, athletic performance and safety.

In sports, it can be defined as the ability to expert a maximal force in a short time.

OR

It can be defined as the rate of doing work and using energy is called power.

Power = Rate of work done/time taken to do work

Works refer to an activity involving force and the movement in the direction of the force. It can be also defined as the work done by a constant force as the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

Work done = constant force x distance moved in the direction of the force

Gravity is the force of attraction exerted by the earth towards its center on a body or an object.

When a projectile through the air, it is slow down by the air resistance.

The distance covered by an object per unit time is called its velocity.

The energy is the capacity to do work. The various forms of energy are- Kinetic energy- It is defined as the energy possessed by a body as a result of motion. 

$\mathrm{Kinetic} \mathrm{Energy} = \frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{mv}}^2$

Here, m = mass
v = velocity

Potential energy – it is the energy which is stored up in a body because of its posiThe potential energy= mass x gravitational force x-height of the body from the ground (mgh)

Motions (momentum) means a change of position of a body and consists of the upsetting the equilibrium of a body.

Friction is the force that combats relative motion between the two surfaces that comes in contact. Friction always acts in the opposite direction of the applied force. Friction can be of following types:-

1. Static Friction – The opposite force that comes into play when the body tends to move over the surface of another, but the actual motion has not yet started.
2. Dynamic Friction:- The opposing for that comes into play when one body is actually moved over the surface of another body. Dynamic friction may be of two type.
3. Rolling friction:- The opposing force that may come into play when the body is actually rolling over the surface of another body. for ex-hockey/cricket ball is hit.
4. Sliding friction:- The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually sliding over the surface of the other body. For example – ice skating

Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means it is essential in the life and we will not able do any work without it.

Projectile: - An object thrown into space either horizontally or an acute angle under the action under gravity is called a projectile. There are forces which act on a projectile – gravitational force and air resistance. Air resistance of an object varies greatly and it depends on the objects particular shape and the atmospheric conditions in which the object is released. The factor affecting projectile trajectory are mentioned below.

The angle of projection: - An object which is projected at different angles covers different distances. When it is projected or released at an angle of 30, making it a parabolic path and covers lesser distance. When it is projected at 60, it covers a distance of less than 30. When it is released at an angle of 45, makes a parabolic path and covers maximum distance. So the distance cover by an object( shout-put, hammer, javelin, discus etc. depends on the angle of release 0f projectile).

The height of release:- The higher the level of release, the greater distance is covered in flight, this is because the higher projectile is released. The longer it will be in the air. The horizontal component will be acting on the projectile for longer.

The speed of release (initial velocity):- The speed or velocity is directly related to the distance covered in the flight. The speed of the release depends on the initial vertical velocity an initial horizontal velocity. Having higher horizontal velocity will increase the length of the flight and therefore the distance covered. This would be an advantage in sports which requires primarily requires good distances in the long jump, sky jump etc.

Gravity:- Gravity acts on a body or object to give it mass. The greater the weight of an object, the greater the influence of gravity upon it. Gravity will effect a projectile as well as it will decrease the height, the projectile can obtain. For example, a cricket ball can be thrown at a greater distance in comparison to shot put.

Air resistance:- When a projectile moves through the air, it is slow down by an air resistance. Air resistance decreases the horizontal component of the projectile. The effect of air resistance is very small but it needs to be taken into consideration if you want to increase the horizontal component of the projectile. The factors are related to the amount of air resistance acting on a projectile- mass, the surface of the object, the surface of volume ratio.

Spin:- The amount & the direction of spin acting on a projectile will directly effect the distance while travelling.

Mechanical analysis of walking can be studied in two fields

Stance phaser: Stance phase is the time when the foot is on the ground. It is considered that it consists maximum percentage of the walking cycle. For the part of stance phase, both the feet have contact with the ground for a period of time.

The stance phase is divided into five stages:

Heel strike: This stage begins when the feet first touch the ground & continues until the complete foot is on the ground i. e- early flat foot stage.

Early flat foot: The starting of this stage is that movement when the complete foot is on the ground and early flat foot stage occurs when the body’s center of gravity passes over the top of the foot. The center of gravity of the body is located approx. in the pelvic area of the lowest spine while walking. The main purpose of the stage is to allow the foot to act as a shock absorber.

Late flat foot: An athlete into late flat foot stage when his body’s center of gravity passes in front of the neutral position. This stage lasts when the heel lifts off the ground. During this stage, the foot needs to go from being a shock absorber to being a rigid level which can help to propel the body in forwarding direction.

Heel raise: This stage starts when the heel begins to leave the ground. The foot functions are a rigid lever to move the body in forwarding direction. During this stage of walking, the ground forces that go through the foot are very effective. Toe off this stage begins when the toes leave the ground completely. This stage continues until the beginning of swing phase.

Swing phase: It occurs when one foot is on the ground & the other one is in the air. Swing phase in walking is shorter than the stance phase. It is divided into three phases-

Initial swings: This phase sees the hip extending to 10 degrees 7 then going on to flexion and knee flexed to 40-60 degree & the ankle changing its position from the flexion to neutral.

Mid-swing: This phase sees the hip extending to 30 degrees, the knee flexion to 60 degrees & extended approx. to 30 degrees & ankle become dorsiflexed.

Terminal swing: This phase is the hip flexed till30 degree & the knee is locked extension & foot changes its position from dorsiflexed to neutral.

Running Is an essential part of living begins. Running is important in sports. A good runner will not only be able to defeat its opponents in running but would also be able to gain very good take off velocity that would help to make a higher or longer journey.

(i) He was facing problem in landing technique of Long Jump/ Mahesh was facing the problem of improper Landing in his long jump event so he didn’t win any medal in the athletic meet.

(ii) Mr Vinay has the following qualities.
1. Good motivate,
2, Dutifulness,
3. Knowledge of scientific techniques or mastering in skill,
4. Helping attitude,
5. Good coordination.

(iii) As a coach he can play in two different areas:
i. Information feedback, implementation in the respective field of skill.
ii. Suggest, refer, engage with field experts.