India People And Economy Chapter 4 Human Settlements

B.

Bhopal

C.

More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector.

D.

Forests and hills in north-east.

D.

Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai.

The towns that have troops permanently stationed in it.

The functions:
(i) to defend national security
(ii) to maintain safely the military equipments

An urban agglomeration can be identified by its size, population, occupations and economic activities.

The main factor for the localisation of villages in the desert regions is water.

An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations :

(i) A town and its adjoining urban out growths.

(ii) Two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths.

(iii) A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths forming a contiguous spread.

The different  types of rural settlements with features are discussed below :

(1)Clustered or Nucleated Settlements :

There is not any one-function town because the functions get so intertwined that the city cannot be categorised in a particular functional class.
Specialised cities as they grow into metropolises become multi- functional wherein industry, business administration transport etc. become important.

Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live.

The sparsely located small settlements are called villages, specialising in agriculture or other primary activities.

The differences between rural and urban settlements are as mentioned below :

Hamleted Settlements: 
(i)Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name.
(ii)These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the country.
(iii)This segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and ethnic factors.
(iv)Such villages are more frequently found in the middle and lower Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.

The characteristics:

(i)The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of houses. In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures.
(ii)The closely built-up area and its intervening streets present some recognisable pattern or geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial, linear, etc.
(iii)Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the northeastern states.
(iv)Sometimes, people live in compact village for security or defence reasons, such as in the Bundelkhand region of central India and in Nagaland.
(v)In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilisation of available water resources.

Dispersed Settlements:

Ancient Towns:

Characteristics of sub-urbanisation :

(i) People move away from congested urban areas to cleaner areas outside the city in search of better quality of living.

(ii) Everyday thousands of people commute from their homes in the suburbs to their workplaces in the city .

Factors mostly helped in the development of ancient towns in India:

(i)Religion

(ii) Culture

Varanasi and Madurai.

(13.1) class I town

(13.2)

(i) it has population of more than one lakh

(ii) it has adjoining urban outgrowths

(iii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths

(iv) it outgrowths together forms a contiguous spread

Problems of rural settlements in the developing countries:

(i) Rural settlements in the developing countries are large in number and poorly equipped with infrastructure.

(ii) Supply of water to rural settlements in developing countries is not adequate. People in villages, particularly in mountainous and arid areas have to walk long distances to fetch drinking water.

(iii) The general absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities cause health related problems.

(iv) The design and use of building materials of houses vary from one ecological region to another. The houses made up of mud, wood and thatch, remain susceptible to damage during heavy rains and floods, and require proper maintenance every year.

(v) Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network creates a unique problem.

Human settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live.

(15-1) A city accommodating population size between one to five million is called a metropolitan city.

(15-2) Uttar Pradesh.
(15-3) Two northern states of India with no metropolitan city

(i) Jammu and Kashmir
(ii) Himachal Pradesh.

The factors that determine the type of rural settlements in India:

(i) Physical features – nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of water.

(ii) Cultural and ethnic factors – social structure, caste and religion.

(iii) Security factors – defence against thefts and robberies.

Many of the modern towns in India were developed during the period of British domination.

(i) They started their foot on coastal areas and developed towns for the purpose of trade.

(ii) Then they developed military cantonments or Camp towns. They also developed health resorts.

(iii) Mumbai ( Bombay),Chennai (Madras), Goa, Kolkata (Calcutta), Surat, Daman, Pudduchery (Pondichery) are some examples.

Characteristics:
(i) All places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee and minimum population of 5000 persons.
(ii) 75 percent male workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.

Industries are the prime motive force in the development of Modinagar.

Evolution of towns in India:
(i) Towns flourished since pre-Historic times in India.
(ii) Even at the time of Indus valley civilisation, towns like Harappa and Mohanjodaro were in existence.
(iii) Most of them developed as religious and cultural centres. Varanasi is one of the important towns among these.

The two types of human settlements are:

Clustered Settlements –

(i) The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of houses.

(ii) In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures.
Hamleted Settlements-

(i) Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name. These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the country.

(ii) This segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and ethnic factors. Such villages are more frequently found in the middle and lower Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.

Linear pattern.

Clustered Rural Settlements:
(i) The clustered rural settlement is a compact built up area of houses.
(ii) It is found in fertile alluvial plains.
(iii) People live in the compact villages for security or defense reason.

Semi clustered Rural Settlements:
(i) They may result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlements.
(ii) Such settlements are wide spread in the Gujarat plains and in some parts of Rajasthan.
(iii) One or more sections of society choose to live a little away from the main cluster.

Two garrison (cantonment) towns of India - Ambala, Jalandhar.