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What are the properties that are taken into account for improvement in biofortification?
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Name the new breed developed by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
(i) One should have the Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees,
(ii) Suitable location should be selected for keeping the beehives,
(iii) One should know about catching and hiving of swarms.
(iv) Beehives should be managed during different seasons.
(v) One should know the handling and collection of honey and of beeswax.
1It increases food production and caters to the increasing food demand.
2. It provides various animal products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey etc used by the humans.
3. On the commercial aspect, it also fetches a lot of money from export of the animal products.
4. Demand for aquatic foods especially fish and fish products has also been met by animal husbandry practice.
1. Animals with high yielding potential and those who are resistant to diseases must be selected.
2. Proper housing of the cattle should be ensured.
3. Hygienic conditions should be maintained in the dairy farm.
4. Adequate water supply to cattle should be maintained.
5. Good quality as well as quantity of food for cattle must be provided.
6. Milking, storage and transport of milk must be done efficiently.
7. Record keeping of the farm and regular inspection should be done.
8.Regular visits by health experts and veterinary doctor to the farm must be ensured.
The objectives of animal breeding are :
(a) Increasing the yield of animals.
(b) Improving the desirable qualities of the produce.
(c) To combine good qualities of two different breeds into one by cross breeding.
Dairy farming is the rearing of animals like buffaloes , cows, goats and sheep for the production of milk and its products for human consumption.
2. Poultry farming. Rearing of domesticated birds like chicken and ducks for the production of egg and meat.
Milk yield can be increased in the following way.
(i) By selection of good breeds.
(ii) By providing hygienic condition to the farm animals.
(iii) By ensuring that the quality and quantity of the animal feed is good.
(iv) By keeping record and having regular inspection.
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The objectives of animal breeding are :
(a) Increasing the yield of animals and the quantity of animal products.
(b) Improving the quality of the produce.
(c) To combine good qualities of two different breeds by cross breeding and produce a better breed.
Saccharum barberi grew in the north but
had poor sugar content and yield. Saccharum officinarum which grew in south had thicker stems and higher sugar content but could not grow in the north. The two species were crossed so that the high yield and sugar content of the southern variety could be combined with the ease of growth of the northern variety.
A. Natural methods. These are as follows :
(a) Inbreeding.
(b) Outbreeding which may be done by outcrossing ,cross breeding or interspecific hydridization.
B. Artificial methods. They include super ovulation and embryo transplantation, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET).
Out of these methods, cross breeding is the best method of animal breeding because it is breeding between the superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. It allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined and produces high yielding breeds.
Out-breeding is of following types :
(a) Out-crossing. In this type of breeding, the animals of same breed, but not having common ancestry on either side of pedigree for about 4 to 6 generations are crossed.
(b) Cross-breeding. It involves interbreeding of superior males of one breed with superior females of another breed to produce hybrid animals having commercial importance.
(c) Inter-specific hybridisation. In this method male and female of different related species are mated.
|
Characters |
Indigenous breeds |
Exotic breeds |
|
1. Egg production 2. Meat production 3. Immunity against common diseases |
Less Less More |
More More Less |
Define the term ‘stress’ for plants. Discuss briefly the two types of stress encountered by plants.
1. Rohu.
2. Katla .
(ii) Marine food fishes are :
1. Hilsa.
3. Sardines.
(ii) It has good amount of vitamins A and D and is rich in iodine .
(iii) It is more easily digestible than other meat.
A person who is allergic to pulses was advised to take a capsule of Spirulina daily. Give the reasons for the advise.
Name the improved characteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve green revolution
1.It has increased the production of fishes, fish products and other aquatic animals thus meeting the food needs of many.
2. It also helps in production of fishes and sea food which are rich in protein and have more nutritional value.
(a) The main product of bee keeping is honey which is a highly nutritious . It replaces the use of sugar in many industries.
(b) Honey is used as a part of many indigenous drugss as it has medicinal properties.
(c) Another product called beeswax is also produced which is used in cosmetic and polish industry.
(d) Honey bees are chief pollinating agents so help in improving the plant yield.
2. Evaluation and selection of parents.
3. Cross hybridization among selected parents.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinations.
5. Testing, release and commercialization of new cultures.
Find out what the various components of the medium used for propagation of an explant in vitro are?
1. Higher yield
2. Better quality
3. Disease, insect and pest resistance.
4. New varieties with desirable qualities.
5. Better tolerance to environmental stresses.
The availability of limited number of disease resistance genes that are present wild varietiesof plants make conventional breeding less efficient. Whereas mutational breeding allows new genes to be formed and selected. Thus plants with desirable qualities can be produced.
Pure Line are generation of homozygous individuals which produce offsprings of only one type i.e. they breed true for their phenotype and genotype.
(1) Most of the mutations are lethal and may lead to death of the organism.
(2) Large number of plants are to be employed to get a desirable mutant.
(3) Many mutations get reverted and are not stable.
(4) Usually mutations are recessive and are thus expressed only in homozygous recessive condition.
(5) Mutations are inherited only if they are induced in gametes particularly in pollen.
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Mung bean which is resistant to yellow mosaic
virus and powdery mildew has been obtaine d by mutation.
1. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and is necessary for producing a pure line.
2. It helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes.
3. It helps to increase the productivity of inbred lines through selection at each step.
(ii) How are these proteins useful in agriculture ?
(ii) The genes that encode cry proteins are introduced in the plant genome to make them insect resistance.
Autopolyploidy. is the condition when there are multiple copies of the basic set of chromosomes all of which were derived from the same species.
PEG—Polyethylene glycol. PEG is used as a fusogen in somatic cell hybridization that aids the fusion ofprotoplast of two cells.
(ii) It can be used to to recover healthy plants from deceased plants.
(iii) It is used to develop large number of plants.
(iv) It is also used to develop important plants like banana, tomato on a commercial scale.
(b) Pusa Swarnim variety of Brassica.
(c) Pusa Shubhra variety of Cauliflower.
(d) Pusa Komal variety of Cowpea.
(e) Pusa Sadabahar variety of Chili.
1. Several cows (about 300) can be inseminated by the semen of a single bull of good variety.
2.It overcomes the problems of the transportation of animals.
3. Semen can be stored at freezing temperature for long period for use in the future.
4. It gives a high rate of successful fertilization.
5. It allows desirable matings and helps overcome the problems of normal mating.
The advantages of artificial insemination are as follows :
• Semen can be used immediately or stored/frozen and used at a later date when the female is in the right reproductive phase.
• Semen can be transported in the frozen form to a distant place where the selected female animals are present.
• Semen from one selected male animal can be used on a number of female animals.
(b) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is a method to improve the herds. in which the feamle is administered with hormones (like FSH) to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation, i.e., production of 6-8 ova in one cycle.
Plants raised through tissue cultures are clones of the ‘parent’ plant.
Discuss the utility of these plants.
PLants raise through tissue culture are called clones of the parent plant because these plants are grown from a single totipotent cell of the parent plant which divides and gives rise to a whole plant. Thus the plant is an exact copy of the parent as no fusion of two cells take place.
Tissue culture plants are used to obtain exact copies of economical varieties of plants. The plants obtained by culturing of meristems are Virus free and thus used to obtain virus-free plants.
1. Collection of variability. Collecting the germplasm of plants with genetic variability for use in the future.
2. Evaluation and Selection of parents. The germplasm is evaluated so as to identify plants with desirable combination of useful characters. The selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridization.
3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents to form plants with combined properties from two different plants (parents),
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants involves selectingplants with desired characters and yields plants with superior quality.
5. Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality and disease resistance by growing these in the research fields and recording their performance . The plants are grown for three growing season in farmer's field and then the best plant is relased and commercialized.
(a) Single cell proteins (b) Genetically modified food.
(b) Genetically Modified Food. The food prepared from the produce of genetically modified crops is called genetically modified food (GM food). It contains proteins produced by transgene.
(1) This technique is applied for the rapid multiplication of economical and rare plants.
(2) By this technique a large number of plants can be produced.
(3) It can be used to develop Virus-free plants.
(4) The technique can be used to overcome seed dormancy.
(5) The technique can be applied for obtaining large number of haploid and homozygous diploids.
(6) It aids in the fusion of cells belonging to plants of different species.
Superovulation. It involves the stimulation of ovary of females to produce more eggs. It is done by hormone administration for eg FSH like hormone is given to female cows so that they produce more eggs.
Or
What is inbreeding depression.
1. Inducing mutation(s) through various methods/mutagens.
2. Screening the plant materials for disease-resistance.
3. Multiplication of these selected plants for direct use or for use in breeding.
4. Hybridisation of the selected plant materials.
5. Selection for disease resistance, testing and release as a variety.
Examples.
Mung bean have been developed through mutation breeding and are made resistant to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew.
C.
Black rot of crucifersB.
hybridisation of cattleA.
apiculture-honey beeSponsor Area
A.
Bubalus bubalisavailability of desirable gene in the crop and its wild relatives
A.
availability of desirable gene in the crop and its wild relatives
an animal cell
a plant cell without a cell wall
C.
a plant cell without a cell wall
C.
Crossing of two plantsC.
Single cell proteinState the disadvantage of inbreeding among cattle. How it can be overcome?
Continuous inbreeding among cattle causes inbreeding depression. It decreases the fertility and productivity of an animal and even exposes the harmful recessive genes. It can be overcome by applying outbreeding, in which mating is done between different breeds or individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors. Outbreeding restores the fertility and yield.
Name the tropical sugar cane variety grown in South India. How has it helped in improving the sugar cane quality grown in North India?
The tropical sugarcane variety grown in Southern India is Saccharum officinarum. It has a thicker stem and high sugar content; however, it cannot grow in Northern India. Saccharum barberi is a natively grown in Northern India. These two varieties were crossed to get the desirable Q ualities of both (higher sugar content, thicker stem and the ability to grow in Northern India).
Identify ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ in the following table:
|
No. |
Crop |
Variety |
Insect Pests |
|
1. |
Brassica |
Pusa Gaurav |
(a) |
|
2. |
Flat bean |
Pusa Sem 2 |
(b) |
|
3. |
(c) |
Pusa Sawani |
Shoot and fruit borer |
|
No. |
Crop |
Variety |
Insect Pests |
|
1. |
Brassica |
Pusa Gaurav |
Aphids |
|
2. |
Flat bean |
Pusa Sem 2 |
Jassids, aphids and fruit borer |
|
3. |
Okra (Bhindi) |
Pusa Sawani |
Shoot and fruit borer |
Why are beehives kept in a crop field during flowering period? Name any two crop fields where this is practiced.
Beehives are kept in the crop fields during the flowering period to increase pollination efficiency and improving yield. Bees collect huge amount of nectar and produce more honey and in return pollinate the flowers from which they collect nectar. This technique is practiced in the crop fields of sunflower and apple.
How has mutation breeding helped in improving the production of mung bean crop ?
Mutational breeding was used to introduce resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew in the mung bean crop thus improving the production of the crop. Chemicals and radiation were used to induce mutations in the mung bean crop and the plants with the desirable qualities like resistance to virus were selected.
Many fresh water animals cannot survive in marine environment. Explain.
Fresh water animals cannot survive in marine environment because their body is not adapted to it. When placed in marine environment their body loses water because the surrounding has higher concentration of salt as compared to their body. The loss of water poses difficulty in their survival and may even result in their death.
Enlist the steps involved in inbreeding of cattle. Suggest two disadvantages of this practice.
Inbreeding of cattle involves the following steps:
1. A Superior male which gives rise superior progeny and superior females which produce more milk per lactation, of the same breed are chosen and mated.
2. The progeny obtained is evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.
Following are the two disadvantages of the process of inbreeding:
i. Continuous inbreeding among cattle causes inbreeding depression that is it decreases the fertility and productivity of the cattle.
ii. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes.
Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding in cattle. State one advantage and one disadvantage for each one of them.
|
Inbreeding in cattle. |
Outbreeding in cattle. |
|
1. Mating of more closely related individuals. |
1. Mating of unrelated animals. |
|
2. Mating is between animals of same breed for 4-6 generations. |
2. Mating is between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between different breeds or different species. |
Advantage of inbreeding
It increases homozygosity and is used for developing pure lines.
Disadvantage of inbreeding
It causes inbreeding depression, which results in loss in fertility and productivity.
Advantage of outbreeding
It produces hybrids with desirable characters like better lactation period and high milk productions.
Disadvantage of outbreeding
The success rate of crossing in outbreeding is fairly low and the animal produced is not always fertile.
(a) What is plant breeding? List the two steps the classical plant breeding involves.
(b) How has the mutation breeding helps in improving crop varieties? Give one example where this technique has helped.
(c) How has the breeding programme helped in improving the public nutritional health? State two examples in support of your answer.(a) Plant breeding: It is manipulation of plant species so as to produce plants with desired characters like better yield and disease resistance.
Classical plant breeding involves
(i) Hybridisation of pure lines.
(ii) Artificial selection for producing plant with desired characters of higher yield or resistance to diseases.
(b) Mutational breeding- creates genetic variations through changes in the base sequences within genes.
This results in new character which is not found in parents. Improved varieties can be produced by inducing mutations artificially in the plants having desirable characters.
For example in mung bean resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew was induced by limitations.
(c) Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats has improved public health.
Breeding programmes have been designed with objectives of
(i) improved protein content and quality.
(ii) Oil content and quality
(iii) Vitamin content
(iv) Micronutrients and mineral contains maize hybrids having double amount of lysine and tryopophan have been developed. Similarly, IARI New Delhi has developed many vegetable crops rich in vitamins and minerals like spinach, carrots, pumpkin etc.Name the following:
(a) The semi-dwarf variety of wheat is high-yielding and disease-resistant.
(b) Any one inter-specific hybrid mammal.(a) The semi-dwarf varieties of wheat that are high-yielding and disease resistant are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
(b) The inter-specific hybrid animal is Mule.Inbreeding depression is the reduction in the fertility and productivity of an organism due to continuous inbreeding. Inbreeding is the mating of closely-related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding usually reduces the fertility and even productivity of the organism. Two advantages of inbreeding are:
(i) Superior quality of breed of organisms is obtained.
(ii) Pure lines can be developed.
How can crop varieties be made disease resistant to overcome food crisis in India? Explain.
Name one disease resistant variety in India of:
(a) Wheat to leaf and stripe rust
(b) Brassica to white rust
A wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens affect the yield of cultivated crops. Disease resistance can be provided by conventional breeding, mutational breeding or genetic engineering.
(i) Conventional breeding: It includes the basic steps of screening, germplasm, hybridisation, selection, testing and release.
(ii) Mutational breeding: In this method, genetic variations are created, which then result in the creation of traits not found in the parental type.
Genetic engineering:
(1) Certain wild varieties have disease-resistant characteristics, but they are low yielding.
(2) Disease-resistant genes from such varieties are introduced in high-yielding varieties through recombinant DNA technology.
One disease resistant variety in India of:
(a) Wheat to leaf and stripe rust: Himgiri
(b) Brassica to white rust: Pusa swarnim
(a) Why are the plants raised through micro-propagation termed as somaclones?
(b) Mention two advantages of this technique.
(a) The plants raised through micropropagation are called somaclones because they are genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown.
(b) The advantages of micro-propagation are as follows:
(i) It helps in the propagation of a large number of plants in a short span of time.
(ii) It helps in recovery of healthy plants from diseased ones. It helps in producing plants that are disease and pest resistant.
Enumerate any six essentials of good, effective Dairy Farm Management Practices.
(a) Plan an experiment and prepare a flow chart of the steps that you would follow to ensure that the seeds are formed only from the desired sets of pollen grains. Name the type of experiment that you carried out.
(b) Write the importance of such experiments.
(b) Artificial hybridisation is important for the following reasons:
Explain the significant role of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus in an ecological sensitive area.
Nucleopolyhedro viruses play a significant role in an ecological sensitive area. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects.
Make a list of any three out breeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explain how they help to encourage cross-pollination.
The three out breeding devices that flowering plants have developed to encourage cross-pollination are:
i. In some species, pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronized that is either the pollen is released before the stigma becomes receptive or stigma becomes receptive much before the release of pollen.
ii. In some other species, the anther and stigma are placed at different positions so that the pollen cannot come in contact with the stigma of the same flower.
iii. Plants show self-incompatibility which is a genetic mechanism and prevents self-pollen from fertilising the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the pistil.
Why are angiosperm anthers called dithecous? Describe the structure of its microsporangium
A typical angiosperm anther is bilobed with each lobe having two theca, thus they are called dithecous.
Microsporangium is nearly circular in outline. It is surrounded by four wall layers that is the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the tapetum. The outer three wall layers perform the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. The innermost wall layer is the tapetum which nourishes the developing pollen grains. Cells of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus. When the anther is young, a group of compactly arranged homogenous cells called the sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each microsporangium.
(a) State the objective of animal breeding.
(b) List the importance and limitations of inbreeding. How can the limitations be overcome ?
(c) Give an example of a new breed each of cattle and poultrya. ‘Breed’ is defined as the group of animal which are general appearance, feature, size and configuration etc.
When animals of same breed are crossed it is called as inbreeding and when the cross is between different breed then it is called outbreeding.
Objective of animal breeding:
1. For obtaining superior hybrid.
2. For increase production of animal product (milk).
3. For elimination of harmful recessive gene.
b.
Importance of inbreeding
1. Inbreeding increases homozygosity
2. Helps in accumulation of superior genes
3. Increases the productivity of inbred population.
Limitation and elimination of inbreeding
1. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes and it can be removed by selection of genes.
2.Elimination of less desirable genes
3.Inbreeding depression, it can be over looked by mating of inferior animal with superior breed.
c. Example of a new breed each of cattle and poultry
1.Cattle breed- Jersey
2. Poultry breed- Leghorn
Write the name of the following:
(a) The most common species of bees suitable for apiculture
(b) An improved breed of chicken
(a) Apis indica is the most common species of bee suitable for apiculture.
(b) Leghorn is an improved breed of chicken.
Cleistogamous flowers are flowers which do not open at all.
Advantage of cleistogamy:
Cleistogamous flowers produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators that is they can propagate themselves even under unfavourable condition.
Disadvantage of cleistogamy:
Cleistogamous flowers undergo self pollination only, which reduces the chances of variation and evolution of genetically superior progeny.
(a) What is the programme called that is involved in improving success rate of production of desired hybrid and herd size of cattle?
(b) Explain the method used for carrying this programme for cows.(a) To improve chances of successful production of desired hybrids and herd size of cattle, the programme called Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is used.
(b) In this method, a cow is administered hormones, with FSH-like activity, to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation that is production of 6-8 eggs per cycle instead of one egg. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs at 8-32 cells stages, are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers. The genetic mother is available for another round of super ovulation.
Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to promotion of micro-propagation.
Two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to promotion of micro-propagation are :
i. It was difficult to maintain purity of offspring produced by traditional breeding techniques.
ii. The traditional breeding methods took a long time and did not produce many offsprings.
Mention two advantages of micro propagation.
Give two examples where it is commercially adopted.
Advantages of micro-propagation:
i. More number of plants can be produced in short time.
ii. Disease free plant can be produced.
Examples : Banana, Sugarcane.
(a) How do organic farmers control pests ? Give two examples.
(b) State the difference in their approach from that of conventional pest control methods.
(a) The organic farmers control pests by using the plants genetically modified for pest resistance. Usually, the gene that makes the plant resistant to the pest is introduced into the plant.
For Example -
i. Bt Cotton : The cotton plants were incorporated with the Bt toxin gene of the bacterium Bacillus thringiensis. The gene known as the cry gene provided the cotton crops resistance against the bollworms.
ii. The nematode Meloidogyne incognita infects the roots of tobacco plant and causes reduction in yield. RNA interference (RNA i) involve silencing of a specific RNA. Using agrobacterium vectors, Nematode specific gene is introduced into host plant. The introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense and antisense RNA into the host cells. These two RNAs being complementary to each other formed a double-stranded RNA that initiated RNA interference reaction and provided protection against the pest.
(b) In conventional pest control, various pesticides were sprayed on the crops or agricultural fields to provide protection against the pests. This usually killed the good insects or organisms too and was responsible for pollution too. The pesticides used were toxic to animals and humans too.
However, the organic farming does not involve the use of pesticides and hence caused less pollution and toxic in nature.
(a) As a senior biology student you have been asked to demonstrate to the students of secondary level in your school, the procedure(s) that shall ensure cross-pollination in a hermaphrodite flower. List the different steps that you would suggest and provide reasons for each one of them.
(b) Draw a diagram of a section of a megasporangiumof an angiosperm and label funiculus, micropyle, embryo sac and nucellus.
(a) The procedure to ensure cross-pollination in hermaphrodite flower
(i) Emasculation :- If the female parent bears bisexual flower, removal of Anther from the flower before the anther dehisces can ensure cross-pollination.
(ii) Bagging :- Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size generally made up butter paper to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen, this procedure is called Bagging.
When stigma of bagged flower attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected from anthers of male parent and dusted to stigma and flowers are rebagged and fruits are allowed to develop.
(b)
Suggest the breeding method most suitable for animals that are below average in milk productivity.
The breeding method of Out-crossing is Most suitable for animals that are below average in milk productivity. In this method, the animal of the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree for up to 4-6 generations are mated.
Identify'A' , 'B', 'C' and 'D' in the given table
| Crop | Variety | Resistance to disease |
| A | Himgiri | Leaf rust |
| Cauliflower | Pusa Shubhra | B |
| Brassica | Pusa Swarnim | C |
| Cowpea | D | Bacterial blight |
| Crop | Variety | Resistance to disease |
| A . Wheat | Himgiri | Leaf rust |
| Cauliflower | Pusa Shubhra | B. Black rot and Curl Blight black rot. |
| Brassica | Pusa Swarnim | C. White rust |
| Cowpea | D. Pusa Komal | Bacterial blight |
Plant breeding technique has helped sugar industry in North India. Explain how.
Saccharum barberi was originally grown by the farmers of north India. It had low sugar content and yield. Saccharum officinarum, which was grown in South India, had high sugar content and thicker stem. However, it could not be grown in North India.
The plant breeding method of 'Hybridisation of these two species brought the desirable qualities of the both into a single variety, which could be grown in north India and had high sugar content and thicker stem. This
(a) Inbreeding is the crossing of closely related animals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. The continued inbreeding however, reduces fertility and even the productivity, this is called inbreeding depression.
(a) Inbreeding is the crossing of closely related animals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. The continued inbreeding however, reduces fertility and even the productivity, this is called inbreeding depression.
What is biofortification? What role does it play in improving food production?
Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, or through genetic engineering. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.his is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods. As such, biofortification is seen as an upcoming strategy for dealing with deficiencies of micronutrients in the developing world. In the case of iron, WHO estimated that biofortification could help curing the 2 billion people suffering from iron deficiency-induced anemia
A herd of cattle is showing reduced fertility and productivity. Provide one reason and one suggestion to overcome this problem.
The cattle's productivity is decreased due to inbreeding depression. A single outcross i.e. breeding with animals of same breed but should not have common ancestors on either side upto 4-6 generations can restore its fertility.
You have obtained a high yielding variety of tomato. Name and explain the procedure that ensures retention of the desired characteristics repeatedly in large populations of future generations of the tomato crop.
Explain outbreeding, outcrossing and cross-breeding practices in animal husbandry.
Out-breeding: Out-breeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations (out-breeding) or between different breeds (cross-breeding) or different species (inter-specific hybridisation).
Out-crossing: This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations. The offspring of such a mating is known as an outcross. It is the best breeding method for animals that are below average in productivity in milk production, the growth rate in beef cattle, etc. A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
Cross-breeding: In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross - breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined. The progeny hybrid animals may themselves be used for commercial production. Alternatively, they may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection to develop new stable breeds that may be superior to the existing breeds. Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
Which of the following Bt crops is being grown in India by the farmers?
Maize
Cotton
Brinjal
Soybean
B.
Cotton
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Examples of Bt crops are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice tomato, potato and soybean, etc In India Bt cotton is grown by farmers extensively.
In the plant breeding programmes, the entire collection (of plants/ seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes a given crop is called
selection of superior recombinants
cross - hybridisation among the selected parents
evaluation and selection of parents
Germplasm collection
D.
Germplasm collection
It is called germplasm collection or the collection of variability. Selection of superior recombinants means selection of the best plant from the whole lot by visual examination and collecting their seeds for growing in the field. Cross-hybridization is the method of combining. The selection and evolution are the main steps of hybridization.
Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal husbandry because it
helps in accumulation of superior genes
is useful in producing purelines of animals.
is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression.
exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
C.
is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression.
The breeding of stocks or individuals that are not closely related is called outbreeding. It is an important strategy of animal husbandry because it is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression.
Inbreeding depression is the condition in which the fertility and the productivity of animals is reduced due to the continuous inbreeding in same species.
Which part would be most suitable for raising virus-free plants for micropropagation?
Bark
Vascular tissue
Meristem
Node
C.
Meristem
Generally, it is believed that actively growing regions of plants(i.e., shoot apex and root apex) do not have viruses. Due to this big advantage, these regions are used in the production of virus-free plants through meristem culture technique. In meristem culture explants are taken from shoot apex or shoot apical meristem. These explants are cultured on a medium containing more cytokinin that auxin hormone. Thus, meristem culture involves the development of an already existing shoot apical meristem and subsequently, the regeneration of adventitious root from the developed shoots.
A technique of micropropagation is
somatic hybridization
somatic embryogenesis
protoplast fusion
embryo rescue
B.
somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is technique of micropropagation. Micropropagation is the growing of plants from meristematic tissue or somatic cells of plants on suitable nutrient media under controlled conditions. The technique used to generate new plantlets by micropropagation.
(i) Organogenesis is method of micropropagation that involves tissue regernation of adventitions organs or axillary buds from explants.
(ii) Somatic embroygenesis is development of embryos without formation of zygote (i.e. development from somatic cells)
Which of the following enhances or induces fusion of protoplasts?
Sodium chloride and potassium chloride
Polyethylene glycol and sodium nitrate
IAA and kinetin
IAA and gibberellins
B.
Polyethylene glycol and sodium nitrate
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and sodium nitrate enhances fusion of protoplasts (protoplast fusion). Protoplast fusion is a physical phenomenon which occurs due to the fusion of protoplast (cell without cell wall) of two or more cells. It can be done by mechanically (spontaneous) or inducing agents.
(i) Spontaneous agents Mechanical fusion
(ii) Inducing agents (i) NaNO3 treatment.
(iii) High pH or Ca2+ treatment.
(iv) PEG treatment
(v) Electrofusion.
'Jaya' and 'Ratna' developed for green revolution in India are the varieties of
rice
wheat
maize
A.
rice
'Jaya' and 'Ratna' are better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of rice developed in India.
'Himgiri' developed by hybridization and selection for disease resistance against rust pathogens is a variety of
Maize
sugarcane
wheat
chilli
C.
wheat
Himgiri is a wheat variety resistant to leaf and stripes rust, hill bunt, etc.
An organism used as a biofertilizer for raising soybean crop is
Azospirillum
Rhizobium
Nostoc
Azotobacter
B.
Rhizobium
Rhizobium leguminosarum is a symbiotic bacteria found in root nodules of legume. This bacterium has nitrogen fix nif gene and fixing N2, Soybean is a legume. Thus, Rhizobium is used as a biofertilizer for raising soybean crop.
Consider the following statements ( I - IV) about organic farming.
I. Utilises genetically modified crops like Bt cotton
II. Uses only naturally produced inputs like compost.
III. Does not use pesticides and urea
IV. Produces vegetables rich in vitamins and minerals.
(II), (III) and (IV)
(III) and (IV) only
(II) and (III) only
(I) and (II) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity. It excludes the use of manufactured fertilisers, pesticides, plant growth regulators, genetically modified organisms, livestock antibiotics, etc. It uses only naturally produced inputs like compost.
Breeding of crops with high levels of minerals, vitamins and proteins is called
somatic hybridization
biofortification
biomagnification
micropropagation
B.
biofortification
C.
biomagnification
Biofortification is a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding or genetic engineering. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious add the plants are growing rather than nutrients added to the food when they are being processed. This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Somaclones are obtained by
tissue culture
plant breeding
irradiation
genetic engineering
A.
tissue culture
Somaclones are obtained by tissue culture. The plant regenerated from cell and tissue cultures shows heritable variation for both qualitative and quantitative traits.
Plant breeding is the branch of Biology, which is concerned with developing varieties superior to existing ones.
Irradiation means exposure to any form of radiation.
Genetic engineering is defined as the manipulation of genes by man.
Polyethylene glycol method is used for
gene transfer without a vector
biodiesel production
seedless fruit production
energy production from sewage
A.
gene transfer without a vector
Introduction DNA into plant cells without the involvement of a biological agent and leading to stable transformation is known as direct gene transfer. There are various methods for direct gene transfer, one of which is a chemical method. Certain chemicals,polyethene Glycol), polyvinyl alcohol and calcium phosphate enhance the uptake of DNA by plant protoplast. PEG and calcium phosphate are thought to precipitate the DNA onto the outer surface of plasmalemma and the precipitate is taken up by the endocytosis.
Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched?
Detergents -Lipase
Alcohol- Nitrogenase
Fruit juice - pectinase
Textile - Amylase
B.
Alcohol- Nitrogenase
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) can be produced by fermentation of any carbohydrate, containing a fermentable sugar on a polysaccharide that can be hydrolyzed to a fermentable sugar. The development of synthetic alcohol follows following reaction.
Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a species of
Xanthomonas
Pseudomonas
Alternaria
Erwinia
A.
Xanthomonas
Leaf blight of rice - Xanthomonas oryzae
Red strip of sugarcane - Pseudomonas rubilineans
Fire blight of apple - Erwinia amylovora
Early blight of potato - Alternari solani.
Main objective of production/use of herbicide resistant GM crops is to
eliminate weeds from the field without the use of manual labour
eliminate weeds from the field without the use of herbicides
encourage eco- friendly herbicides
reduce herbicide accumulation in food particles for health safety
D.
reduce herbicide accumulation in food particles for health safety
The chemical substances, which are sued to kill or repel pest are called pesticides. The pesticides, which are used to destroy weeds are called herbicides. Herbicides are used in agriculture to control the weeds. They inhibit plant growth by blocking the biosynthesis of amino acids or photosynthetic activities of plants. Transgenic plants resistant to several herbicides. eg, glyphosate, gluphsinate, sulphonylireas etc, have been successfully developed the main objective of production /use of herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops is to reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for health safety.
In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by
bombarding the seeds with DNA
crossing of two inbred parental lines
harvesting seeds from the most productive plants
inducing matations
B.
crossing of two inbred parental lines
Hybrid varieties were first developed in maize, which is a cross-pollinated crop. In such crops, the parents of hybrid varieties are, ordinarily, inbred lines. A inbred line is a nearly homozygous line produced by continuous inbreeding in a cross-pollinated crop and is maintained by strict inbreeding. In maize, hybrid vigour or heterosis is exploited by crossing of two inbred parental lines.
In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents
a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed.
a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
an opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg
the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
B.
a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber is a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination.
Which one of the following is a viral disease of poultry?
Salmonellosis
Coryza
New castle disease
Pasteurellosis
C.
New castle disease
New castle disease or Ranikhet disease is a very dangerous viral disease of poultry.
Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
Pila globosa - pearl
Apis indica - honey
kenia lacca - lac
Bombyx mori - silk
A.
Pila globosa - pearl
Pearl is obtained from pearl oyster (Pinctada vulgaris) while honey from Apis indica, lac from kenia lacca and silk from Bombayx mori.
Golden rice is a promising transgenic crop. When released for cultivation, it will help in
alleviation of vitamin A deficiency
pest resistance
herbicide tolerance
producing a petrol-like fuel from rice
A.
alleviation of vitamin A deficiency
A plant in which a gene has been transferred through genetic engineering is called a transgenic plant and the gene, so transferred is called a transgene. Golden rice is a promising transgenic crop which when released for cultivation will help in alleviation of vitamin A deficiency.
In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by
bombarding the protoplast with DNA
crossing of two inbreed parental lines
harvesting seeds from the most productive plants
inducing mutations
B.
crossing of two inbreed parental lines
G.H. Shull (1909) has shown that the hybrid vigour in maize is exploited by crossing of inbred parental line.
In order to obtain virus-free plants through tissue culture the best method is
protoplast culture
embryo rescue
anther culture
meristem culture
D.
meristem culture
In meristem culture, the shoot apical meristem alongwith some surrounding tissue is grown in vitro. It is used for clonal propagation and recovery of virus free plants. It is also potentially useful in germ plasma exchange and long term storage of germ plasma through freeze preservation.
Homozygous purelines in cattle can be obtained by
mating of related individuals of same breed
mating of unrelated individuals of same breed
mating of individuals of different breed
mating of individuals of different species
A.
mating of related individuals of same breed
Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk output represents
Stabilizing selection as it stabilizes this character in the population
Directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one direction
Disruptive as it splits the population into two one yielding higher output and the other lower output
Stabilizing followed by disruptive as it stabilizes the population to produce higher yielding cows
B.
Directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one direction
Artificial selection to obtain cow yielding higher milk output will shift the peak to one direction, hence, will be an example of Directional selection. In stabilizing selection, the organisms with the mean value of the trait are selected. In disruptive selection, both extremes get selected.
Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional value by increasing the amount of
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin B12
D.
Vitamin B12
The curd is more nourishing than milk. It has enriched presence of vitamins specially Vit-B12.
The two functional groups characteristic of sugars are
Hydroxyl and methyl
Carbonyl and methyl
Carbonyl and hydroxyl
Carbonyl and phosphate
C.
Carbonyl and hydroxyl
Sugar is a common term used to denote carbohydrate.
Carbohydrates are a polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketone or their derivatives, which means they have carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.
A ‘new’ variety of rice was patented by a foreign company, though such varieties have been present in India for a long time. This is related to
Co-667
Sharbati Sonora
Basmati
Lerma Rojo
C.
Basmati
Which of the following flowers only once in its life-time
Bamboo species
Jackfruit
Papaya
Mango
A.
Bamboo species
Bamboo species are monocarpic i.e., flower generally only once in its life-time after 50- 100 years.
Jackfruit, papaya and mango are polycarpic i.e., produce flowers and fruits many times in their life-time.
Parbhani Kranti, a variety of bhindi (lady finger) is resistant to
Bacterial Occurs
Yellow mosaic virus
Germinal layers form
Villi form
B.
Yellow mosaic virus
Prabhani Kranti (example of mutation breeding) is a variety of bhindi which is made resistant to yellow mosaic, virus.
In this Abelmoschus, esulentus was transferred from a wild species to produce this new variety.
Which of the following can be controlled by using biopesticides?
Insects
Diseases
Weeds
All of these
D.
All of these
Biopesticides are pesticides of biological origin, which may be of various types depending upon the types of pests killed or controlled by them, e.g., algicides, fungicides, bacteriocides, herbicides or weedicides, insecticides, nematicides and rodenticides, etc. These were initially employed to protect crop plants against pests but they are non-equally important for destroying or controlling vectors for various animals and human pathogens, thus, can be used for controlling various diseases also.
The world’s highly prized wool yielding ‘Pashmina’ breed is
Sheep
Goat
Goat-sheep cross
Kashmiri sheep-Afghan sheep cross
B.
Goat
Pashmina wool is obtained from Kashmiri goat.
Aleurone grains are rich in
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrates
Auxins
B.
Protein
Aleurone grains are rich in protein. This is the peripheral part of endosperm and is very important physiologically because it secretes or accumulates the hydrolysing enzymes which help in digestion of reserve food material during seed germination.
The phenotypic ratio of trihybrid cross in F2-generation is
27: 9: 9: 9 : 3 : 3 : 3: 1
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
27 : 9 : 3 : 3 : 9 : 1 : 2 : 1
A.
27: 9: 9: 9 : 3 : 3 : 3: 1
The phenotypic ratio of trihybrid cross in Fz-generation will be 27:9:9:9:3:3 :3:1.
The plant whose seeds are known to leave the longest viability period is
Carica papaya
Triticum aestivum
Zizypus mauritiana
Nelumbo nucifera
D.
Nelumbo nucifera
Viability is the ability of the seed to possess the power of germination over a period of time Nelumbo nucifera seed have maximum viability of seed of about 1000 yrs.
Jut is a
bast fibre from secondary xylem
bast fibre from primary xylem
bast fibre from secondary phloem
bast fibre from primary phloem
C.
bast fibre from secondary phloem
Fibres are elongated cells with usually lignified walls. Bast fibres from phloem are called jute. There are secondary phloem cells.
Powdery mildew of wheat is caused by a species of
Puccinia
Erysphe
Ustilago
Albugo
B.
Erysphe
Powdery mildew of wheat-Erysiphe graminis. Loose smut of wheat-Ustilago tritici. Black rust of wheat-Puccinia graminis tritici.
Bull semen is stored in
liquid carbon dioxide
liquid oxygen
liquid nitrogen
ice
C.
liquid nitrogen
Semen is stored in semen banks for artificial insemination or artificial breeding, eg, Bull's semen is stored at -196oC temperature. This temeperature is obtained by liquid nitrogen.
Deep freezing is used for keeping seven day old embryos for several years. Deep freezing is also done at -196oC.
Which is correctly matched?
Apiculture - Honey bee
Pisciculture - Silk moth
Sericulture - Fish
Aquaculture - Mosquito
A.
Apiculture - Honey bee
Apiculture is the rearing of bee or bee keeping for the production of honey and wax.
Pisciculture (fish culture) is the rearing and breeding of fishes in ponds, artificial water reservoirs.
Sericulture is the rearing of silkworm or mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) for commercial production of silk. Caterpillar feeds on mulberry leaves, its salivary gland scretes liquid milk.
In rabbit, head of epididymis present at the head of testis is called
vas deferens
cauda epididymis
gubernaculum
caput epididymis
D.
caput epididymis
A compact, flattened and whitish mass called epididymis closely touching the dorsal aspect of each testis. In rabbit, epididymis is present at the head of the testis and is known as caput epididymis.
Epididymis is differentiated into smaller posterior enlarged part called cauda epididymis.
Gubernaculum is a small cord of fibro- muscular mesodermal tissue which supports the testes of rabbits from posterior scrotal wall.
Vas deferens is an uncoiled and thicker male genital duct at the tip of cauda epididymis.
Synsacrum of fowl consists about
29 vertebrae
3 vertebrae
16 vertebrae
single vertebrae
C.
16 vertebrae
Synsacrum is the thoracic region of vertebral column in fowl. It consists of about 16 fused vertebrae and provide support to ilia bones of immense pelvic girdle.
Covered smut of barley is caused by
Ustilago hordei
Tilletia caries
Ustilago nudo
Colletotrichum falcatum
A.
Ustilago hordei
Covered smut of barley is caused by Ustilago hordei.
The world's highly prized wool yielding 'Pashmina' breed is
sheep
goat
goat- sheep cross
Kashmir sheep- Afghan sheep cross
B.
goat
The world's highly prized wool yielding 'Pashmina' breed is goat.
Three crops that contribute maximum to global food grain production are
wheat, rice and maize
wheat, maize and sorghum
rice, maize and sorghum
wheat, rice and barley
A.
wheat, rice and maize
Wheat, rice and maize belongs to family Poaceae or Graminae. The main fruit type of these crops is caryopsis in which fruit wall is fused with seed coat. These crops are cultivated in all over the world and are contributed maximum to global food grain production.
The name of Norman Borlaug is associated with
green revolution
yellow revolution
white revolution
blue revolution
A.
green revolution
Norman Borlaug is associated with green revolution. The green revolution means an increase in the production of crops particularly cereal crops, for eg, wheat, rice and maize.
Which of the following is generally used for induced mutagenesis in crop plants?
Alpha particles
X- rays
UV (260 nm)
Gamma rays (from cobalt 60)
D.
Gamma rays (from cobalt 60)
Gamma rays (from cobalt 60) is generally used for induced mutation in crop plants.
Why is vivipary an undesirable character for annual crop plants ?
It reduces the vigour of plant
The seeds cannot be stored under normal conditions for the next season
The seeds exhibit long dormancy
It adversely affects the fertility of the plant
B.
The seeds cannot be stored under normal conditions for the next season
Vivipary is the condition when seeds germinate on the plant. It is an undesirable character for annual crop plants because germinated seeds cannot be stored under normal conditions for the next season.
Which one is not produced by aquaculture?
oyster
silkworm
singhara
frog
B.
silkworm
Sericulture is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk.
Aquaculture is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae and other organisms. Therefore, rearing of oyster, singhara and frog is mainly done by aquaculture.
Which is social foresting species
Leucaena leucocephala
Tectona grandis
Mangifera indica
Rosa indica
A.
Leucaena leucocephala
Leucaena leucocephala is commonly known as subabool. It is a very fast growing leguminous plant and therefore is commonly used as social foresting species.
Assertion: Somatic hybridisation is a process where protoplasts of two desired plants can be fused to develop improved plants.
Reason: Cross breeding can also induce variability
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Cross Breeding is the process of causing animals to mate with another species, or of causing plants to reproduce with another species.
Assertion: Neurospora is commonly called water mould.
Reason: It belongs to basidiomycetes fungi.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
D.
If both assertion and reason are false.
Neurospora is commonly called pink/red bread mould or pink mould. It belongs to Class Ascomycetes (sac fungi). It is used in experimental genetics as it can be grown easily in a definite medium in a laboratory.
Match column I with column II and select the correct option from codes given below.
| Column I | Column II |
| Brassica | Himgiri |
| Okra | Pusa Komal |
| Wheat | Pusa Gaurav |
| Cowpea | Pusa Sawani |
A - (iii), B - (iv), C- (i), D- (ii)
A - (i), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (iv)
A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (ii)
A - (ii), B - (iv), C - (i), D - (iii)
A.
A - (iii), B - (iv), C- (i), D- (ii)
Hybridisation is used to develop new genotypes, evaluate their performance or exploit hybrid vigor.
The above mentioned crop varities bred by hybridisation and selection, for disease resistance to fungi, bacteria and viral diseases.
| Crop | Variety | Resistance to diseases |
| Wheat | Himgiri | Leaf rust |
| Brassica | Pusa swarnim | White rust |
| Cowpea | Pusa Komal | Bacterial blight |
| Okra | Pusa Swani | Vein mosaic disease |
Match Column - I with Column -II and select the correct option from given codes.
Column-I Column- II
A. Brassica (i) Himgiri
B. Okra (ii) Pusa Komal
C. Wheat (iii) Pusa Gaurav
D. Cowpea (iv) Pusa Sawani
A- (iii), B- (iv), C-(1), D- (ii)
A-(i), B- (iii), C - (ii), D- (iv)
A- (iv), B- (iii), C- (i), D- (ii)
A- (ii), B - (iv), C- (i), D - (iii)
A.
A- (iii), B- (iv), C-(1), D- (ii)
Pusa Gaurav is variety of mustard is resistant to aphids (sap succers), Pusa Sawani is a variety of Okara which is suitable for cultivating in spring, summer and rainy season, Pusa Komal is a cowpea variety resistance to was resistant to bacterial blight, Himgiri is variety of wheat resistant to Leaf and stripe rust and Hill bunt.
Which of the following species has the chromosome complement similar to that of Triticum aestivum ?
Zea mays
Secale cereale
Gossypium
Aegilops
C.
Gossypium
The chromosome complement of Triticum aestivum (2n = 26) is similar to that of Gossypium whose ploidy level is also 2n = 26. Zea mays has ploidy level of 2n = 20. Secale and Aegilops both have the similar ploidy level of 2n = 14.
A child took sugar cane and sucked its juice. Regarding this which of the follwoing match is correct?
| Substrate | Enzyme | Site of secretion of enzyme | Products formed |
| Proteins | Pepsin | Duodenum | Polypeptides |
| Starch | Amylase | Salivary glands | Glucose |
| Lipids | Lipase | Pancreas | Fat globules |
| Sucrose | Invertase | Duodenum | Glucose + Fructose |
D.
| Sucrose | Invertase | Duodenum | Glucose + Fructose |
Sucrose (cane sugar; beet sugar; saccharose) is a sugar comprising one molecule of glucose linked to a fructose molecule. It occurs widely in plants and is particularly abundant in sugar cane and sugar beet (15-20%), from which it is extracted and refined for table sugar. If heated to 200C sucrose becomes caramel. Sucrose is broken down into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the help of carbohydrate digesting enzyme, invertase, produced in the small intestine (duodenum).
Which of the following is correct match?
| Disease | Pathogen |
| Wilt disease | Synchytrium |
| Citrus canker | Xanthomonas |
| Red rot of sugarcane | Ustilago |
| Powdery mildew | Fusarium |
B.
| Citrus canker | Xanthomonas |
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease. It is caused by bacteria Xanthomonas citri which is aerobic, rod shaped and monotrichous. It is a world wide disease of most Citrus plants but the most susceptible are grape fruits. sweet orange, lime and lemon. The symtoms first appear on the undersurface of leaves as small watery slightly raised, round light green spots that finally rupture to form corky crater like lesions or canker. Twigs, fruits, also develop lesions. The disease reduces the quantity and quality of fruits. Powdery mildew is caused by Erysiphe sp, red rot of sugarcane by Colletotrichum falcatum and wilt disease by Fusarium sp. Thus, they are all fungal diseases.
Genetic diversity in agricultural crops is threatened by
introduction of high yielding varieties
intensive use of fertilizers
extensive intercropping
intensive use of biopesticides
A.
introduction of high yielding varieties
Genetic diversity in agricultural crop is threatened by the introduction of high yielding varieties as they heve the required traits and hence always are bred purely. This eliminates other crop/ variety from the pool.
Somaclonal variation appears in
organisms produced through somatic hybridization
plants growing in highly polluted conditions
apomictic plants
tissue culture raised plants
D.
tissue culture raised plants
Somaclonal variations is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. It could be genotypic or phenotypic.
The map given below indicates the Former and the present distribution of an animal. Which animal could it be:
Wild ass
Nilgai
Black buck
Lion
A.
Wild ass
The wild ass, once widely distributed north-western arid zone; now confined to Runn of Kutchchh and Pakistan. Indian Wild Ass Santuary is located in Gujarat state of India. It is spread over 4954 km2. And it is the largest wildlife sanctuary in India.
Assertion: Fish meal is a rich source of protein for cattle and poultry.
Reason: Fish meal is produced from non-edible parts of fishes like fins, tail etc.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
C.
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
Fish meal consists of wastes of fish oil or canning industry or from the whole fish of non-oil type. The protein content of this meal is highly digestable, nutritive and of biological importance. Fish meal is also used for domestic animals like pigs, poultry. cattle etc.
Assertion: The honey bee queen copulates only once in her life time.
Reason: The honey bee queen can lay fertilized as well as unfertilized eggs.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
B.
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
Queen is the only fertile female in beehive, having immensely developed ovaries. She lives for several successive years laying about 2000 or more eggs a day and upto about 1,500000 eggs during her life time. The queen has a remarkable capacity of controlling the fertilization of its eggs. A fertilized egg is laid in a worker or queen cell or honey comb, while an unfertilized egg in a drone cell, the latter develops parthogenetically. The queen mates only once in a life time. The sperms stored in her spermatheca fertilize her eggs as long as she lives.
Assertion : Use of fertilizers greatly enhances crop productivity.
Reason : Irrigation is very important in increasing crop productivity.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false statements
B.
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
Fertilizers are chemical compounds applied to promote plant growth. They are either applied to the soil or by foliar feeding. They mainly increase the crop yield. Average yield per hectare has increased from 1.1 tons in 1950 to 2.3 tons in 1986 by the use of inorganic fertilizers.
Irrigation is very important in increasing crop productivity as water is an essential component of vital activities of a plant.
Silk is the secretion of
cephalic glands
gastric glands
buccal glands
salivary glands
D.
salivary glands
Silk is the secretion of silk glands (modified salivary glands) of the larvae or caterpillar of the insect, Bombyx mori is popularly known as Chinese or mulberry silk moth.
Assertion : In plant tissue culture, somatic embryos can be induced from any plant cell.
Reason : Any viable plant cell can differentiate into somatic embryos.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false statements
A.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
Any viable somatic cell of a plant has the ability to form full fledged plants. This ability of plant cell is known as cellular totipotency. Therefore, it is defined as the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organisms.
The first transgenic crop was :
pea
flax
tobacco
cotton
C.
tobacco
Transgenic plants are the plants that have been genetically engineered and uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteritics. They are identified as GMO or genetically modified organisms. In transgenic plants, specific genes or traits are obtained through genetic engineering or RDT.
A branch of science in which. forest crop can be grown in desired pattern is
Histology
Horticulture
Pisiculture
siliviculture
D.
siliviculture
Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society such as wildlife habitat, timber, water resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis
The bacterial disease which is found in chickens is :
rickets
Ranikhets
fowl fox
fowl cholera
D.
fowl cholera
Different types of diseases and lack of proper feed cause a heavy loss of poultry. Ranikhet, coryza, fowl cholera etc., lead to the death of a large number of poultry chickens in poultry. Some bacterial diseases include fowl cholera, salmonellosis, coryza etc.
Reproducing new plants by cells, instead of seeds, is known as :
Mutation
antibiotics
biofertilizer
tissue culture
D.
tissue culture
Tissue Culture is the term generally used for artificial growth. The plant tissue culture refers to the growth of plant cells, tissues and organs on artificial nutrient media. Haberlandt, a German botanist gave the term Plant Tissue Culture.
sprouting of potato can be prevented in storage by
maleic hydrazide
gibberellins
indole acetic acid
cytokinins
A.
maleic hydrazide
alpha chloronaphthalene, methyl ester of alpha naphthalene-acetic acid (MENA) and maleic hydrazide (MH) applied in wax or water in inhibiting sprouting or potatoes during the latter part of the late-crop shipping season.
'Royal jelly' is secreted from
hypopharyngeal gland
salivary gland
milk gland
integumentary gland
A.
hypopharyngeal gland
Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens. It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees. It digestes honey, pollen and secretion of maxillary gland. Queen feeds on royal jelly.
The father of green revolution in India is
Calvin
Haberlandt
Norman Borlaug
Swaminathan
D.
Swaminathan
MS Swaminathan is known as the Father of Green Revolution. It was the rapid increase in agricultural production during 1960- 1970s.
By which of the following methods, new and better varieties of plants can be formed
Selection
Grafting
Hybridization
Hybridization followed by selection
D.
Hybridization followed by selection
Hybridization and Artificial Selection. Breeders commonly use artificial selection to produce new breeds from the variable offspring of hybrid crosses. In particular, they have long used a process, known as the backcross breeding method, to obtain new types of organisms. The approach is to identify a type possessing some desirable trait and then to hybridize it with a 'target stock' lacking the trait. If hybrids are obtained, the next step is to backcross them to the target stock in order to “introduce” the trait.
Root cells of wheat has 2n = 42 chromosomes. Which one of the following is the basic chromosome number of wheat?
42
21
7
14
C.
7
7 is the basic chromosome number of wheat.
Micropropagation is a technique for production of
true to type plants
haploid plant
somatic hybrids
somaclonal plants
D.
somaclonal plants
The method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micropropagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, ie, they are somaclones. Many important food plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc, have been produced on commercial scale using this method.
Percentage composition of fibroin and sericin in silk is
50 : 40
80 : 20
30 : 70
40 : 60
B.
80 : 20
Percentage composition of fibroin and sericin in silk is 80 : 20. Sericin is a gelatinous protein that cements the two fibroin filaments in a silk fiber.
In honey, the percentage of maltose and other sugar is
9.2
8.81
10.5
11.2
B.
8.81
The greater the percentage of glucose and fructose (invert sugar), the better the quality of honey. Adulterated honey always contains less invert sugar.
Which one of the following is a systematic insecticide
Malathion
Endrin
Parathion
Furadan
B.
Endrin
When applied to pesticides, the termsystemic means that the chemical is soluble enough in water that it can be absorbed by a plant and moved around in its tissues.
Pieces of plant tissue used in culture is called
explant
domaclone
inoculant
clone
A.
explant
An explant is the plant part that is excised from its original location and used for initiating a culture. The explant is treated with specific antimicrobial chemicals, the process called surface sterilization.
Which one of the following poultry birds is not an english breed?
Sussex
Australorp
Orpington
Minorca
D.
Minorca
Minorca is a breed of chicken originating in spain. They are classified in the Mediterranean class by the American Poultry Association.
In plant tissue culture, the callus tissues can be regenerated into complete plantlets primarily by altering the concentration of
sugars
vitamins
amino acids
hormones
D.
hormones
In plant tissue culture, the callus tissues can be regenerated into complete plantlets primarily by altering the concentration of hormones. Infact, shoot and root regenerations are, generally controlled by auxin-cytokinin balance. Usually an excess of auxins promotes root regenration while cytokinins promote shoot regeneration.
The life span of honey bee drone is
3-4 months
1-2 months
6-7 months
10-12 months
B.
1-2 months
Drones are the male honey bees, developed parthenogenetically and have a life span of about 5 weeks (or 1-2 months), while life span of a worker bee is about 16 weeks (or 3-4 months)
In plant breeding programmes, the entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called
selection of superior recombinants
cross- hybridisation among the selected parents
evaluation and selection of parents
germplasm collection
D.
germplasm collection
Germplasm collection is the collection of plants/ seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a particular crop. Selection of superior recombinants means selection of the best plant from the whole lot by visual examination and collecting their seeds for growing in field.
Cross hybridisation is the method of combining. The characters of different plants together. The selection and evolution are the main steps of hybridisation.
Stock and scion are used in
cutting
grafting
layering
micropropagation
B.
grafting
Stock and scion are used in grafting. Grafting is a horticulture technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another, so that the two sets of vascular tissues may join together. It is used in asexual propogation of commercially grown plants.
In this technique, one plant is selected for its roots and this is called the stock or root stock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers or fruits and is called the scion or cion. The scion contains the desired genes to be duplicated in future production by the stock/scion plant.
Which of the following is the best suited method for the production of virus free plants?
embryo culture
meristem culture
ovule culture
anther culture
B.
meristem culture
Meristem culture mainly involves culturing a
bud in culture medium under aseptic conditions.
The bud develops into shoot in the culture as the meristem already has the cell differentiated to give rise to different Tissues of shoot. It is best suited method for the production of virus-free plants.
The process in which mature differentiated cells reverse to meristematic activity to form callus is called
redifferentiation
dedifferentiation
cyto-differentiation
differentiation
B.
dedifferentiation
Dedifferentiation is the process in which mature differentiated cells reverse to meristematic activity to form callus. It is an important biological phenomenon whereby cells regress from a specialised function to a simpler state reminiscent of stem cells. Stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of giving rise to differentiated cells when supplied with the appropriate factors.
Which of the following is an example of a defence used by plants against herbivorous?
I. Production of caffeine, tannin, quinine.
II. More production of non-woody tissues.
III. Production of hairs, thorns, spines.
IV. Production of hormones like chemicals that interfere with insect metamorphosis.
Select the correct codes
I and II
II, III and IV
I, II and III
I, III and IV
D.
I, III and IV
Production of caffeine, tannin, quinine are the examples of secondary metabolites, which are secreted by plant against herbivores.
Production of hormone like chemicals thorns, spines are also the strategy of plant to avoid grazing by herbivores.
Production of non-woody is not the adaptation for plant from predation.
Type of blastula in chick is
discoblastula
coeloblastula
amphiblastula
holoblastula
A.
discoblastula
Blastula is an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells. In chicks, discoblastula is found. It is a modified blastula found in telocithal eggs.
Coeloblastula is a type of blastula found in Coelenterata, lower arthropoda, Echinodermata etc.
Amphiblastula is a poriferan larva.
On the basis of utility, Nagpuri buffaloes are categorized as
milkers
dual purpose
drought cattle
grazers
A.
milkers
Nagpuri buffoles are categorized as milkers. They also include Murrah, Jafferabadi, Nili, Ravi and Surti.
Which of the following plant is efficient converter of solar energy whose net productivity is 2-4 kg/m2/yr or even higher?
Wheat
Rice
Sugarcane
Bajra
C.
Sugarcane
Sugarcane is the plant which is a converter of solar energy whose net productivity is 2-4 kg/m2/yr . This is because it is a photosynthetic C4 plant and it does not perform photrespiration.
Pollorum disease of poultry is caused by
Mycobacterium
Salmonella
Clostridium
Haemophilus
B.
Salmonella
Pollorum or white diarrhoea is caused by bacterium Salmonella pollorum. It spreads through contaminatedfood, water, litter, etc, and caused loss of appetite and difficulty in breeding.
Which of the following plants are used as green manure in crop fields and in sandy soils?
Saccharum munja and Lantana camara
Dichanthium annulatum and Azolla nilotica
Crotalaria juncea and Alhagi camelorum
Calotropis procera and Phyllanthus niruri
C.
Crotalaria juncea and Alhagi camelorum
Crotalaria juncea (Sunnhemp) and Alhagi camelorum are among the plants which are used as green manures in India. These green manures help the soil through increasement of area and water holding capacity and fertility.
Triticum vulgare has been found to be presently evolved as
diploid
tetraploid
pentaploid
hexaploid
D.
hexaploid
The common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum = T. vulgare) is an allohexaploid. It has two copies of each of the genomes A, B and D. Its somatic complement is represented as AA BB DD.
Late blight of potato is caused by
Cystopus
Phytophthora
Alternaria
Ustilago
B.
Phytophthora
Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease of potato. The disease is widely spread in the hilly areas of India during rainy season. Low temperature and humid atmosphere favour the spread of the disease.
'Foolish seedling disease' of rice in Japan was caused by
the deficiency of nitrogen
a bacterium
a fungus
a virus
C.
a fungus
The 'foolish seedling disease' of rice was caused by perfect fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. It is an Ascomycetous fungus.
Jumping genes in maize were discovered by
Hugo de Vries
Barbara McClintock
TH Morgan
Mendel
B.
Barbara McClintock
Barbara McClintock discovered jumping genes. These are also known as movable genetic elements. They can move from one location to another in the chromosome.
R W Hedges and A E Jacob introduced the term transposon.
Mutation was introduced by Hugo de Vries.
Gene theory was proposed by T H Morgon.
Gregor Johann Mendel is known as Father of Genetics.
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