Refraction Of Light At Spherical Surfaces: Lenses

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Question
ICSEENIPH12029758

Find the focal length and nature of a lens whose optical power is - 5D.

Solution

Focal length, f = -1/5 = 0.02 m.
Nature of the lens = Concave lens

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Question
ICSEENIPH12029780

A convex lens ‘L’ and a plane mirror ‘M’ are arranged as shown in Figure 8 below. Position of object pin ‘O’ is adjusted in such a way that the inverted image ‘I’ formed by the lens mirror combination, coincides with the object pin ‘s. Explain how and when this happens.


Solution

If object pin is rept exactly at the focus of convex lens rays emerging out of the lens towards the mirror will be parallel. These rays which are perpendicular to surface of plane mirror are reflected along same path, got reflected and form image at F.
 

 

Question
ICSEENIPH12029781

Starting with an expression for refraction at a single spherical surface obtain an expression for lens maker’s formula. 

Solution

Lens makers formula: It relates focal length of a lens of the refractive index of material of lens and radii of curvature of two surfaces of lens.  

Let us consider a conves lens of glass having RI n2 placed in rarer medium of Rln1. P1 and P2 be poles of C1 and C2. R1= (P1C1), R2 = (P2C2). τ= P1P2(thickness of lens).

Let a point object O be placed on principal axis at a distance is u from P1. A ray OA travelling in rarer medium is incident on first surface of lens. It is refracted towards normal at A.

If the second surface of lens were absent, the ray AB would have met the principle axis at I’ which is image of V.

Let the distance of I1 from P1 be V1
straight n subscript 2 over straight v subscript 1 space minus space n subscript 1 over u space equals space fraction numerator n subscript 2 space minus space n subscript 1 over denominator R end fraction space space space space space space space... space left parenthesis 1 right parenthesis

The roy AB travelling in medium n2 is actually incident an second surface of lens and refracted into rarer medium n1 bending away from normal at B. The emergent ray meets principal axis at I which is final real image of O.

For refraction at second surface I acts as vertual image and I is real image, v → distance of I from P2
Distance space of space straight I apostrophe space from space straight P subscript 2 space equals space left parenthesis straight v apostrophe minus straight t right parenthesis

straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space fraction numerator straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight v apostrophe minus straight t end fraction space equals fraction numerator straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight R subscript 2 end fraction

Lens space is space thin space straight t space less than less than space vl
straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space fraction numerator straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight v apostrophe end fraction space equals space fraction numerator straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight R subscript 2 end fraction space space... space left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis

Adding space left parenthesis 1 right parenthesis space and space left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis comma space we space get
straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space straight n subscript 1 over straight u space equals space left parenthesis straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses

straight n subscript 2 over straight n subscript 1 equals straight n space is space the space refractive space index space
of space the space material space of space space the space lens space straight w. straight r. straight t space
surrounding space medium. space

1 over straight v minus 1 over straight u equals left parenthesis straight n minus 1 right parenthesis space open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses

When space object space is space at space infinity comma space the space image
space will space be space formed space at space principal space focus

straight u space equals straight a space semicolon space straight v space equals space straight f
because space 1 over straight f minus 1 over infinity space equals space left parenthesis straight n minus 1 right parenthesis

Distance space of space straight I apostrophe space from space straight P subscript 2 space equals space left parenthesis straight v apostrophe minus straight t right parenthesis

straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space fraction numerator straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight v apostrophe minus straight t end fraction space equals fraction numerator straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight R subscript 2 end fraction

Lens space is space thin space straight t space less than less than space vl
straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space fraction numerator straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight v apostrophe end fraction space equals space fraction numerator straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 over denominator straight R subscript 2 end fraction space space space space space... space left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis

Adding space left parenthesis 1 right parenthesis space and space left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis comma space we space get
straight n subscript 1 over straight v space minus space straight n subscript 1 over straight u space equals space left parenthesis straight n subscript 1 space minus space straight n subscript 2 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses
straight n subscript 2 over straight n subscript 1 equals straight n space is space the space refractive space index space
of space the space material space of space the space lens space straight w. straight r. straight t space
surrounding space medium. space

1 over straight v minus 1 over straight u equals left parenthesis straight n minus 1 right parenthesis space open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses

When space object space is space at space infinity comma space the space image space
will space be space formed space at space principal space focus

straight u space equals straight a space semicolon space straight v space equals space straight f

because space 1 over straight f minus 1 over infinity space equals space left parenthesis straight n minus 1 right parenthesis thin space open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses

space 1 over straight f space equals space left parenthesis straight n minus 1 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over straight R subscript 1 minus 1 over straight R subscript 2 close parentheses space 

Question
ICSEENIPH12029782

Show that the axial chromatic aberration (fr-fv) for a convex lens is equal to the product of its mean focal length (f) and dispersive power (ω ) of its material i.e. Prove : (fr-fv ) = ω f.

Solution

Let the mean refractive index of the material of the lens be n1 and the mean focal length of the lens be fy.
From lens makes formule, 
1 over straight f subscript straight y space equals space left parenthesis n subscript y space minus space 1 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 space minus space 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses

F o r space r e d space a n d space v i o l e t comma space

1 over f subscript v space equals space left parenthesis n subscript v minus 1 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 minus 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses

1 over f subscript r space equals space left parenthesis n subscript R space minus space 1 right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 minus 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses

1 over f subscript v minus 1 over f subscript R space equals space left parenthesis n subscript v space minus space n subscript R right parenthesis open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 minus 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses

equals space fraction numerator left parenthesis n subscript v minus n subscript R right parenthesis space left parenthesis n subscript y minus 1 right parenthesis over denominator left parenthesis n subscript y minus 1 right parenthesis end fraction open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 minus 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses

equals space left parenthesis n subscript y minus 1 right parenthesis space open parentheses 1 over R subscript 1 minus 1 over R subscript 2 close parentheses.1 over straight f subscript straight y

1 over f subscript v minus 1 over f subscript R space equals space open parentheses fraction numerator straight n subscript straight v space end subscript minus space straight n subscript straight R over denominator n subscript y minus 1 end fraction close parentheses.1 over straight f subscript straight y space

space space equals space fraction numerator open parentheses straight f subscript straight r space minus space straight f subscript straight v close parentheses over denominator straight f subscript straight v space straight f subscript straight y end fraction

space equals space open parentheses fraction numerator straight n subscript straight v space end subscript minus space straight n subscript straight R over denominator n subscript y minus 1 end fraction close parentheses.1 over straight f subscript straight y

straight f subscript straight v comma straight f subscript straight T comma straight f subscript straight v space rightwards arrow space differ space slightly

space space space space space space space straight f subscript straight v space. space straight f subscript straight R space equals space straight f subscript straight y squared

rightwards double arrow space fraction numerator left parenthesis straight f subscript straight R space minus space straight f subscript straight v right parenthesis over denominator straight f subscript straight y squared end fraction space equals space space open parentheses fraction numerator straight n subscript straight v space end subscript minus space straight n subscript straight R over denominator n subscript y minus 1 end fraction close parentheses.1 over straight f subscript straight y

rightwards double arrow space left parenthesis straight f subscript straight R space minus space straight f subscript straight v right parenthesis space equals space open parentheses fraction numerator straight n subscript straight v space end subscript minus space straight n subscript straight R over denominator n subscript y minus 1 end fraction close parentheses space straight f subscript straight y space
open parentheses fraction numerator straight n subscript straight v space end subscript minus space straight n subscript straight R over denominator n subscript y minus 1 end fraction close parentheses space equals space dispersive space power space equals space straight w

straight f subscript straight r space minus space straight f subscript straight v space equals space straight w space straight x space straight f subscript straight y space space left parenthesis thin space straight f subscript straight y space rightwards arrow space mean space focal space length right parenthesis