Bowman’s capsule : Ultra filteration of blood takes place in Bowman’s Capsule.

(a)
(i) Multiple Alleles:
Multiple alternatives of the same gene which influence the same character and produce different expressions in different individuals of a species or population/some genes have more than 2 allelic forms. These different forms of a single gene are referred to as multiple alleles., e.g. human blood groups

(ii) Artificial measures to control population:

• Mechanical methods like use of condoms, diaphragms

•Chemical – Spermicidal creams, jellies, foams

• Oral contraceptive pills

• IUCD like copper T, Lippes loop

•Surgical Methods – Tubectomy/ Vasectomy
b. When Rh positive blood is given to Rh negative:

Rh antigens induce the formation of Rh antibodies in recipient’s blood. Anti Rh antibodies react with donors Rh antigens and agglutinate the blood/ clumping. • Transfusion of Rh negative blood to Rh positive produces no complication as no antibodies are found in Rh positive persons/ No agglutination.
c. 

(c) Human genome project: A research effort to map the entire genome by determining the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of each of the 22+X and Y chromosome and to study the function of human genes.

Goals:

i. To sequence the entire genome that includes above 3 million base pairs

ii. To identify 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA

iii. To obtain a physical map of human genome by cloning DNA into YACs and BACs and cosmids

(a)
(i) Tissue culture is the method of rapid multiplication of a plant under favourable conditions.

(ii) It helps in obtaining, large number of offspring’s or plantlets every year.

(iii) The progeny of these plants can be obtained in millions, which multiply with difficulty by conventional methods.

(iv) Cloning can be throughout the year in a very small space under controlled conditions.

(v) Offspring’s of sterile plants can be obtained or rare hybrids of extra-ordinary characters e.g., oil palm.

(b) Population growth is the total number of increase in the organisms occupying a certain area.

The various methods to discourage population growth are :

(i) People should be given proper education. 

(ii) Government agencies should aware people through mass media like radio, television,newspaper, magazines, posters, etc.

(iii) Family planning methods :

1. Use of vaginal diaphragms.

2. Use of oral contraceptive by women.

3. Surgical techniques of birth control like tubectomy in females & vasectomy in males.

4. Use of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) like loop or copper.T.

5. Medical termination of pregnancy.

(c)(i) Aggregates or clusters of large, complex organic molecules, capable of growth and replication, which are supposed to have given rise to cell like structures.

(ii) Gene bank is a conservation spot where valuable plant material, likely to became irretrievably lost in the wild or in cultivation.

Vasectomy