(a) Characteristics of Cromagnon man :

(i) Height - 180 cm^3.
(ii) Cranial capacity- 1660 cm^3.
(iii) Had narrow, elevated nose.
(iv) Was an intelligent hunter

(b) Basic postulates of Darwinism: 
(1) Enormous fertility in living being — All organisms have an amazing fertility and every organism has an innate desire to produce its own progeny for the continuity of race. The productivity of all living organisms is far beyond the ultimate numbers which can possibly survive.

(2) Struggle for existence — Since the number of individuals produced is far more than the number that will ultimately survive, there is an everlasting competition between organisms at all levels of life. Thus there is struggle for existence which may be of following three types :–

(i) Intraspecific struggle: It is the struggle between the members of the same species since their needs are precisely similar.

(ii) Interspecific struggle : It is the struggle between the members of different species living. Every living form depends upon other organisms for its food.

(iii) Extraspecific struggle is t a struggle with the environment.

(3) Variations under nature — No two individuals of a species are exactly similar and they have some differences. These differences are called variations and without variations evolution is not possible. Variations may be of following types:

(i) Meristic and substantive variations

(ii) Continuous and discontinuous variations

(iii) Somatogenic and blastogenic variations

(4) Natural selection — Due to struggle for existence and useful heritable variations, only those individuals survive which are best fitted to new conditions of life. The individuals which survive show high selective value and in the course of time they develop various adaptive modifications to suit the changed conditions of life.

(5) Origin of species — In the course of long periods of life the best fitted individuals survived and became adjusted to the nature. As environment is ever changing, further changes occur and thus new adaptations appear in organisms. The later descendents after several generations become quite distinct from their ancestors. In this way new species appear.

(c) Reptilian Features —

(1) Presence of teeth in jaws.

(2) Long tail with free caudal vertebrae.

Avian Features —

(1) Presence of feathers on body.

(2) Forelimbs modified into wings.

(a) Deficiency of Glucose 6– phosphate dehydragenase causes deformities in RBC, which is an essential metabolite for the survival of the malaria causing parasite leading to the death of malarial parasite.

(b) (i) Genetic Erosion— It is loss of genes from the gene pool of an organism.

(ii) Bioinsecticides—Are plant or animal materials that have been found useful in controlling harmful insects.

(iii) Antigen — Any protein or a polysaccharide that triggers the production of antibodies.

(iv) Psychosis — It is a type of mental illness in which patients loose touch with reality.

(c) Biofortification is an additional instrument in the fight to reduce micronutrient malnutrition one that uses food as a mechanism to improve human health. By producing stable foods whose edible portions are more dense in bioavailable minerals and vitamins, scientists provide farmers with crop varieties that reduce nutritionally related health problems of people.

(a) Important features of the Neanderthal man:
i. Cranial capacity was 1300 – 1600 CC.
ii. Short limbs, broad shoulder, legs bent and semi-erect, stooping posture.
iii. Used stone tools, weapons and fire/ cooking and was intelligent, good hunters, used animal skin for clothing.
(b) Homologous organs: Organs though different in functions, but similar embryonic origin and development, internal structure and basic plan.

For example, wings of a bird (flying) and flippers of a seal are different from one another in functions, yet all are built on the same pentadactyl plan and have same mode of development.
Evidences indicate that the organisms having homologous structures must have arisen from common ancestors through successive generations. It supports divergent evolution/adaptive divergence/monophyletic origin / common origin/ same origin