Human Diseases

Cardiac Output

(a)
Family planning : The families should be educated about family planning. The health of the women should be taken care off. There should be some gap between consecutive offsprings.

Barrier contraception : Barrier contraceptive are just what their name suggests physical barrier that either keep sperms out entirely or prevent them from penetrating very far into the woman’s reproductive system. They are inexpensive, simple and have the major advantage of causing almost no serious side effect.

Intra-uterine devices : A variety of plastic devices, including coils loops can be placed in the womb to prevent the fertilized egg becoming implanted in the wall of the womb where it would grow. These intra-uterine devices are inserted in the womb by a medical professional. Due to their effectiveness, these devices are much popular.

Sterilization : It is a simple operation for both men and women. Male sterilization vasectomy takes 15-30 min in female sterilization tubal ligation fallopian tubes which carry eggs from the ovary to the womb are tied and cut.

(6)
i. Tuberculosis : Caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Symptoms : Feeling ill and weakness. loss of appetite, weight, Fever and night sweats. 

ii. Tetanus    : Caused by Clostridium tetani

Symptoms :  Generalized increased rigidity, stiffness and pain in the Jaw, painful arching of back & drowing down of neck, sudden muscle contraction by noise.

iii. Hepatitis    :
Hepatitis A — causative agent Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B — agent Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C — agent Hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis D — agent Hepatitis D virus

Hepatitis E — agent Hepatitis E virus

Symptoms : Flu like symptoms with increased temperature, loss of appetite, irritating rashes 

iv. Malaria    : Caused by Protozoa

Symptoms  : High fever, headache, muscle pains and shivering attacks

(c)

(i) Vestigeal organ: Vestigeal organs are those organs which are non functional in the possessor but were functional in their ancestor and in related animals.

(ii) Sympatric populations are those population which inhabit the same geographical area.

(iii) Mutagens: Any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation.

(iv) Biogeography: is the study of the geographic distribution of life-forms on earth.

(b) Archaopteryx is a connecting link between reptiles and birds Archeopteryx has reptile feature are the presence of teeth in Jaw, a long tail with free caudal vertebrae, a neak and keel-less sternum its avian character include presence of feathers on the body, fore limbs modified into wings and four toes in foot adapted for perching.

(c) 

Gene mutation is the cause of sickle-celled anaemia. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 at the 6th position where the amino acid Glutamine is replaced by Valine